Mitosis and Cell Cycle Study

Cell Growth and Reproduction Study Guide The Cell Cycle Study Guide Vocabulary – Cell Cycle, Mitosis, CytokinesisHow did the G1 and G2 stages get their names?Cells must pass through a critical checkpoint during which two stages of the cell cycle?Where does DNA synthesis happen in eukaryotic cells?What two processes make up the M stage?Among different types of cells, which stage of the cell cycle varies most in length?Why does a skin cell divide more often than a liver cell?What is G0?Write an analogy to explain why cell size is limited.Which typically increases faster as a cell grows, surface area or volume?For cells to stay the same size from generation to generation, what two things must be coordinated?Think of an example of a cycle. What does this have in common with the cell cycle?What process divides a cell’s cytoplasm? How do the two word parts of your answer help you remember it?What process divides the cell nucleus and its contents?Related article: co.uk/mitosis -replication-of-eukaryotic-cells/">How Many Spores Would You Estimate are Present on the Gills of a Single Cap of CoprinusMitosis and Cytokinesis Study Guide Vocabulary: chromosome, histone, chromatin, chromatid, centromere, telomere, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophaseWhat is a chromosome?Why do chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis?Why are chromosomes not condensed during all stages of the cell cycle?Sketch how DNA goes from a long stringy form to a tightly condensed form. Label the parts of the condensed, duplicated chromosome.How does interphase prepare a cell to divide?Mitosis occurs in what types of cells?Develop a device, such as a short sentence or phrase, to help you remember the order of the steps of mitosis.Illustrate and describe the four phases of mitosis.How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?DNA wraps around organizing proteins called .The suffix –tin indicates that something is stretched and thin. Is the loose combination of DNA and proteins that looks sort of like spaghetti.Sister chromatids are held together at the which looks pinched.The ends of DNA molecules form structures called that help prevent the loss of genes. Regulation of the Cell Cycle Study GuideVocabulary: growth factor, apoptosis, cancer, benign, malignant, metastasize, carcinogenWhat regulates the cell cycle?What is apoptosis?What type of disease may result if cell division is not properly regulated?List three ways mutations can occur in genes involved in cell-cycle regulation.What does metastasize mean?What is a substance know to produce or promote the development of cancer?Draw a cartoon to help you remember the difference between benign and malignant. Asexual Reproduction Study Guide Vocabulary: asexual reproduction, binary fission.1. Offspring resulting from asexual reproduction and those resulting from sexual reproduction differ in one major way. What is the difference?2. Sketch and describe the three steps of binary fission. Fill in the chart below to highlight the advantage and disadvantages of asexual reproduction. Advantages| Disadvantages|3. | | 4. | | 5. | |6. If a eukaryotic organism reproduces through mitosis, what is true about the offspring and the parent organism?7. In what types of organisms is mitotic reproduction most common?8. List three examples of mitotic reproduction. 9. What forms of reproduction does the sea anemone use?10. Write a word that starts with the letters â€Å"bi†. Explain what is similar between the meaning of the word you wrote and the meaning of â€Å"binary fission†.11. What is the creation of offspring form only one parent organism called?Multicellular Life Study Guide Vocabulary: tissue, organ, organ system, cell differentiation, stem cellList the levels of organization and explain each.List two examples of tissues found in plants.List two examples of organ systems found in plants.How does an organism benefit from organ systems that work together and communicat e?What is the process by which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells?Do different types of cells have different DNA? Explain.What role does cell location play within a developing embryo?How do stem cells differentiate out into different cells?List the three identifying characteristics of stem cells.List one advantage of using adult stem cells and one advantage of using embryonic stem cells.What is cell differentiation?Write the following words in order from the largest structure to the smallest structure:

Case: Supply Chain Management and Application Software Packages

Info from case total revenue for last reporting = 110 million cio reviewed 3 following implementation strategies: -classic disintermediation – removal of intermediaries in a supply chain. connects supplier directly with customers -remediation-working more closely with ecisting middlemen partners. strategy could be affected by high contracting risks. -network-building alliances and partnerships with both existing and new suppliers and distributors involving a complex set of relationships. Networks tended to reduce search costs for obtaining information, products and services. selected remidiation – because it best fits the firms goal of simplifying data sharing throughout the supply chain -also had longterm and positive relationship with its primary distributors, which would ameliorate the high contracting risk. â€Å"The firm purchased stock woods from a number of producers and processed them to meet specific customer specifications. Approx. 60 percent of woodsynergy s ales were in high-end furniture† Problems 1 – Choice of implementation plan is wrong – LONG TERM -CIO chose remediation because it best fit the firm's goal of simplifying data sharing throughout the supply chain; furthermore, the CIO noted that woodsynergy had a long-term and positive relationship with its primary distributors which would ameliorate the high contracting risk issue† -the best way of simplifying data sharing is eliminating any unnecessary party that the information needs to travel to. -remove the distributors and engage the customers directly -who are we to decide how your existing distributors will feel after you amend any contracts to include any new information system to the SCM that ultimately creates more overhead for them? the business model of woodsynergy suggests that â€Å"the firm was committed to delivering information to the right people at the right time so that strategic and operational decisions were made properly and quicklyà ¢â‚¬  -benefit going national prevented by local distributors – if woodsynergy engages their end users directly it will promote better customer relationships as well as open potential national and international markets/ Causes -long-term relationships with distributors -contracts with distributors -CIO decision seems biased Alternatives choose classic intermediation -stay with remediation -choose networking Solution: Chose Classic intermediation †¢Removes the middleman †¢The middle man share shift to suppliers, Woodsynergy and to the customer, making the company more profitable and increasing the customer loyalty †¢Efficiency – instead of suppliers shipping first to the Woodsynergy and then Woodsynergy shipping the products to the customer, supplier can ship straight to the customer Implementation: (implanting the plan – find the need, develop the program, and implement it and the evaluate it) Business need †¢System investigation †¢Syst em analysis †¢System design †¢Proframming and testing †¢Implementation †¢Operation and mainenance 2 – Prototype Built – short term problem *** -â€Å"due to budget and time constraints the project team chose to build a gateway prototype without addressing problems of integrity and timeliness with the systems data. The project team decided to improve the data quality at a future date† – customers data needs to be secure. Period. For any duration no matter how short. â€Å"Two of the key drivers included in gateway design were data standardization and real-time interface† -It should be real-time interface and data integrity as aligned with Woodsynergy’s business goals. -release data standardization at a later time instead of data integrity Causes -budget -time constraint -phase 1 of prototype does not directly correlate to business goals Alternatives -cloud system from 3rd party -key drivers in phase 1 = data integrity and real-time interface/data standardization at future date/release †¢Application software packages – off the shelves. ONE MORE alt Solution: †¢Application software packages – off the shelves. oPrewritten, pre-coded application software commercially available for sale oA lot of choices, with rating/reviews from its customers/users oOther companies are already using them oSome software companies even let you try them oQuicker solution, gives the it team to work on the bigger problem or new software oIt may be cheaper than labour and resources spent building prototype that may put company`s customer`s information at risk Implementation – . Identify potential vendors 2. Determine the evaluation criteria a. Functionality of the software b. Cost and financial terms c. Vendor`s reputation – success stories/customer reviews d. System flexibility e. Security f. Required training g. Data handling h. Ease of internet interface i. User friendly 3. Evaluate ven dors and packages 4. Chose vendor and package 5. Negotiate a contract 6. Implement the software 7. Train the staff/users 3 – Project Team Questionable – Short term and Long term? *** Causes launched multiple it based supply chain management initiatives -researched how gateways are used in their business and understand the different of technology on the internet† in first few weeks – this should take a few days at most -phase 1 of prototype not aligned with business goals –decision criteria— this is what I think would be the criteria, we can discuss if you have others *** -budget – need better coaching on team goal and better planning -increase customer satisfaction -be consistent with corporate mission -Time constraint – implement fairly quickly -improve profits within acceptable risk parameters Solution – BE consistent with corporate mission Implementation †¢Be consistent with corporate mission oTrain and remind the m in every morning huddles oBefore implementing the any new plan or developing new software or making the decision to devolve a new software, correlate it with the business strategy oDelegate effectively to team members oHold them accountable – stay on top of their performance oGive the team budget – quarterly yearly or project based – so there will not be any wastages Source: /http://plato. acadiau. ca/courses/Busi/IntroBus/CASEMETHOD. html/

How Ot Manage Stress

How to manage stress When it comes to how to manage stress, there are loads of methods to deal with this problem. Today, with the increasing number of people getting overwhelmed pressure on their study or job, more and more people are paying their attention to how to solve stress problem more effectively. In this essay, we are going to talk about how to manage people’s stress physically and emotionally. 1. How to manage stress physicallyEngaging with people’s pressure in physical method means to do some regular physical exercise or sport in order to reduce stress, such as yoga, walking, gardening or any other physical exercise that people like. The purpose is to make people have time and space to release themselves into a peaceful relaxation. The following method will show that. 1. 1Regular Exercise Doing some regular exercise such as Yoga, gardening, working, jogging or any other physical activities that people like after work or study are able to lower people’s heart rates, blood pressure and oxygen consumption (Treven, Treven, Zizek, 2011).In addition, it also will let your physical body into a state of peaceful relaxation. 1. 2 A Deep Breath This is the simplest method to deal with stress that people have. All people need to do is climbing a top of the mountain, then have a sit, try to get rig of all the trouble inside your mind. 2. How to manage stress emotionally 2. 1 Release of Emotions The reason why a plenty of people who are suffer from the overwhelmed pressure is that they always keep their stress inside mind instead of pouring it out. So at this point, people need toâ€Å"letting off some steam†(Donvan, 1991), which means expressing emotion to others.Communication with closed friends or colleague is a good way to heal issue of pressure, on the other hand, people are also able to chat with parents and family relatives, who are understand each other easily than anyone. Under this circumstance, people would put themselves in to harmony surroundings, so the pressure will disappear immediately. 2. 2 Getting assistance from the social support Firstly, people could search help from the professional institution which focus on studying on stress. In this manner, people will find out their original issue of pressure as soon as possible, and then listen advises from the professional experts.In addition, marriage is also a way to deal with manage, according to the survey from a double who all earn money, women with spouse will heal quicker from the daily stress than the woman who don’t have one(Novotney,2008 as cited in Treven, Treven, Zizek,2011 ). 2. 3 Letting go Mostly, people will feel stressful because of the heavy workload, Andrew Weil, the natural health guru, said thatâ€Å"individual should get rid of what he can spare†(Wei, 1997 as cited in Treven, Treven, Zizek,2011 ), which means people should throw away the unimportant things, people should make their life more simpler and easier inste ad of being complicated.Conclusion In general, it is divided into two separated section about how to manage stress, physically and emotionally. Taking a deep breath at a high place and engaging some regular exercise belong to physically section. Releases emotions, getting help from professional and throw away the unimportant things belong to emotional section. People should select the proper technique for managing stress wisely according their own needs.

Debate Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Debate - Coursework Example The debate that has been taking place for several years in the case of international trade is whether free trade should be encouraged or nations should adopt trade policies. Free trade is more beneficial for a nation than adoption of trade protection policies because free trade leads to increase in exports of developing regions and it even leads betterment of the living standards of people living in developing nations. Body Restrictions on trade levied by governments in order to protect local organizations should be removed since such restrictions harm local organizations and free trade assists local organizations in development and increases exports. According to Vernon, organizations first develop a good or service for their own domestic region and later when the product becomes highly popular, they tend to develop these products in other nations that are equally developed as compared to the host nations, later when the competition between the same products produced by developed na tions elevate, the manufacturers tend to start producing the same product in under developed or developing nations (PENG, 2009, p.156). Goods are mostly produced at lower cost in developing regions, due to this, citizens and businesses of developed regions purchase the same goods from developing regions. For example: the photocopier machine was first produced in the region of United States and they used to export them to developed regions such as Japan and Western side of Europe, later due to increase in demand, these photocopiers were even produced in these developed regions with the assistance of joint ventures between host nation organizations and organizations in United States (Steers, 2006,p.37). Later the photocopier was even produced by competing organizations in Japan and Western Europe which leads to a decline in imports of US produced photocopiers. Due to this, organizations in developed nations started looking towards producing photocopiers in developing nations in order to reduce production cost. When photocopiers started being manufactured in developing nations, organizations in developed nations started importing them from developing nations. Free trade can assist in solving the economic issue of scarcity for both developing and developed nations; due to this it should be promoted. Certain nations have abundant amount of certain resources and skills, while other nations may experience a scarcity of those resources and skills. The comparative advantage theory of Ricardo states that nations should produce more of those goods for which they have more resources and can produce them in an efficient manner (PENG, 2009, p.152). If one nation experiences scarcity of certain resources and cannot produce certain goods and services in an efficient manner, they will end up experiencing a shortage of those goods and those goods will no longer be in the reach of all of the citizens of a nation and will only be accessible to those who have more money. A major b enefit of free trade is that it leads to decrease in prices of goods and services for consumers and goods become easily accessible. Due to this nations should concentrate on producing more of those goods that they can produce efficiently and exchange them with

Brand Identity Development and the Role of Social Media Essay

Brand Identity Development and the Role of Social Media - Essay Example The study "Brand Identity Development and the Role of Social Media" can be suitably used for understanding the contribution of social media platform for enhancing a brands image, in the UK fashion industry. The findings of the study can be suitably be used by a number of firms to enhance the efficiency with which they develop brand identity development strategies. Management students can also make use of the present study so that they can utilize the knowledge gained for better impacting consumer purchasing intentions. The current study aims to understand how consumers of the UK fashion industry are impacted by the social media to form perceptions regarding various brands. The study also suitably lays light upon how firms operating in the fashion industry utilizes the social media platform to create a positive brand image so as to increase purchasing intentions amongst consumers. Kim and Ko, (2012) described social media as websites that facilitates its users to share media, content and so on. Some common examples of social media website are renowned social networking websites such as facebook, twitter, you tube and to name a few. As indicated by Hines and Bruce, (2007), social media plays a great role in marketing. Social media marketing is the technique of gaining consumer traffic or attention by social media sites. Kim and Ko, (2012) discussed that social media marketing initiatives generally focuses on efforts to generate content that gains attention of the online communities.

How to maxamize revenue at small business marina on a lake Research Paper

How to maxamize revenue at small business marina on a lake - Research Paper Example This is because well established large scale businesses enjoy economies of scale when they offer large scale products. Furthermore, well established business can afford to hire qualified workforce and provide employee training that result to efficiency of operations. Small lake marinas face stiff competitions for customers from the public operated marinas and big lake marinas. The big lake marinas and public run marinas have stable sources of finances to finance their activities. In addition, due to large scale of operation the rival marina owners are able to enjoy low cost recreational services hence enabling them to charge their clients competitive fees. Also, the public marinas and big lake marinas are able to provide better services to their clients due to their ability to hire qualified workers (Cooper, & Burke, 2011). There are other cheaper alternative recreational facilities that limit the performance of marinas; hence marina operators should utilize efficient technology to p rovide a wide range of recreation facilities and increase business profitability. The growth of small business revenue depends on the managers ability to use the finances appropriately throughout the financial year. Many businesses face characteristic fluctuations in the flow of finances since in some periods the income is lower than the cost with some seasons of huge sales hence greater incomes (Kariv, 2013). Therefore, since the fixed cost of running the business remains constant throughout the year, the business managers should be able to distribute their incomes throughout the financial year. However, small scale businesses are rarely able to distribute their finances throughout the year because of lack of financial reserves (Prosek, 2011). For this reason, small scale business relies heavily on borrowings from banks and other financial institutions that charge interest on the loans hence reducing the business

Gays in the Military (Equal Employment Opportunity) Essay

Gays in the Military (Equal Employment Opportunity) - Essay Example This policy also lawfully pertains to military personnel. It’s simple, the government does not allow discriminatory practices in hiring therefore gays must be given equal access to all military jobs whether in a combat or non-combat role. However, the issue of gays in the military is far from simple and a topic of heated debate. The main argument against it concerns privacy and troop morale while the argument for is based on defending the uniquely American concept of personal freedom that the troops are fighting to protect, among other objectives. Some suggest that bigotry and ignorance are the root causes of the opposition to gays serving their country, that troop morale is just an excuse used to deny American citizens their civil liberties. Others believe homosexuality to be an immoral lifestyle choice which, if tolerated, would tarnish the proud, well-deserved iconic image the U.S. Armed Forces has spent centuries to earn and diminished the effectiveness of the men and wome n in uniform. This discussion examines the debate in a historical context specifically the ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ policy, the Constitution and the Founding Fathers’ viewpoint on personal liberties as well as the opinions of those who inspired the Founders, both pro and con as it pertains to this issue. It also addresses the issue of homosexuality itself, an important consideration because if it is indeed a choice, in the same way drinking and driving is a choice, then it would not be covered under federal employment discrimination laws. The opinions and reasoning’s of those against gays in the military will be reviewed and subsequently debunked while the harmful effects to the security of the U.S. by banning gays are illuminated. The ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ policy was enacted soon after President Bill Clinton assumed office in 1993. Clinton initially sought to end the military’s ban on admitting gays entirely with no

Biochemical Individuality Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biochemical Individuality Nutrition - Essay Example Shakespeare was correct when he wrote, "One man's meat is another man's poison." (in Walsh, 2000) For instance, "some of us are genetically suited for a vegetable-based diet and others are not. Some people can satisfy their nutritional needs by diet alone and others must have nutritional supplements to overcome genetic aberrations" (Walsh, 2000). On the other hand, serious health problems may develop if a person overconsumes nutrients. After having studied the biochemical individuality of 10,000 persons, Walsh came to a decision that the greatest trouble is typically caused by nutrients that are stored in exceeding amounts, rather than by the lack of them . Due to genetic dissimilarity in the way human body processes foods, vast majority of people are to a certain extent deficient in some nutrients and overloaded in others. Even following an ideal diet, many people have some nutrients at extremely low levels, much lower than the concepts of adequate nutrition and optimum nutrition require. The nutrients which are stored in exceeding amounts in one's body should be avoided by them, keeping from certain kinds of food and vitamins. The most widespread nutrients in overload are following substances: iron, copper, folic acid, manganese, choline, a variety of fatty acids and methionine. But this statement does not contradict to a fact that some people can lack these nutrients. As we know there is a number of manufacturers who produce food supplements and advertise an idea of 'healthy nutrition in a single package'. Being familiar with the issue, I can say that it looks like trying to determine an ideal clothes size for all people. The term ' biochemical individuality' point at individual needs, and multiple nutrients are extremely indiscriminate and may cause to a great harm as well as improve one's health. Doctor Walsh also indicates that he has systemized biochemical types. "After studying the metabolic status of thousands of persons, I discovered that lab chemistry could be predicted with good accuracy based on an individual's traits, symptoms, and family history" (Walsh, 2000). He developed a system of types and classes, which had personal information (case history) as its basis. The vast majority of his clients were divided into 26 types different in metabolism, neurotransmitter production, glucose rates and 'genetic' history.Dr. Williams as a dietician and biologist also made a contribution to the development of the viewpoints regarding biochemical origin of ailment with the progress of the theory of biochemical individuality. He explained physiological differences between people and how they linked to individual reactions to the environmental irritators. At the beginning of 1980s the area of biochemical individuality got its 'fashion' between the sciences of biology, chemistry and physiology as a result of the advancement made in theorizing molecular biology of the genetic material. So-called Human Genome plan designed a major worldwide obligation of scientists to 'decode' the genetic information of life by observing a chain of human chromosomes. As this issue has extended from biochemical institutions around the world, its suggestions have been innovatory in terms of how science had previously viewed genes and chromosomes. The DNA is not seen as a rigid structure any longer. Indeed, as Bishop and Waldholz highlighted in

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Change - Essay Example The power and strength of the Army is not only the number but also lies in the contribution from individual soldier. This is because it is not important for them as to what job they have or which rank they hold. The Army has more than 675,000 soldiers which are divided into 488,000 soldiers on Active Duty who are ready to react and fight immediately in any mission and 189,000 soldiers in Army Reserve, who can be mobilized rapidly when their combat and military skills are required in situations of national emergency or in global conflicts (ABOUT THE ARMY). As the US Army consists of a large number of soldiers, it has to be organized into separate units, each with a respective leader and a reporting structure. The Army is separated into two major components as the Active Duty and the Army Reserve. Those who operate in any of the component are known as the Enlisted Soldiers, the Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs), the Warrant Officers or the Commissioned Officers. The following diagram shows how the Army operational unit is organized (ABOUT THE ARMY). The US military life is tough regime where the soldiers are trained to live and survive in tough conditions. No form of social contact is allowed for them. The result is that when these soldiers return back to their social lives they face difficulty in accommodating themselves with the social culture. They get repulsed by the poor physical fitness of the civilians, by the uncivilized uncouth behavior according to their standards, and by what these army persons considered as pervasive selfishness and aimless consumerism. Many also found themselves avoiding their old friends, and some even experienced problems in communicating with their own families. These soldiers develop this feeling that the civilians are only interested in being losers and underachievers. They find the general civilian life nothing but nasty (The

American Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

American Civil War - Essay Example His ultimate goal in the campaign of 1864 was ostensibly the capture of the Confederate capital, Richmond. Every movement, position and counter attack was intended to push through the Confederate forces. Smaller Union forces under the command of Franz Siegel and Benjamin Butler attempted to carry out missions that were to cut off supplies and reinforcements from General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. While capturing Richmond would have been a great leap towards ending the war, Grant admitted in his writings that this was actually a secondary goal. The primary objective of his campaign in the spring and summer of 1864 was to wage a war of attrition against the rebel troops. He wanted to wear them down, deplete their morale and break what remained of their allegiance to the cause of the Confederacy. While Grant ultimately failed in taking Richmond during the campaign, it could be argued that he did indeed cause a serious drop in morale among Confederate soldiers by causing high rates of attrition and displaying more tenacity to win battles than any Union commander had before him (Rickard 2006). The start of the campaign began with Grant traveling with Meade and the Army of the Potomac south, in an attempt to cross the Rapidan River and travel through the Wilderness. This Wilderness had been the scene of fierce fighting one year earlier that resulted in the retreat of the Union forces back across the river. Grant was hoping that he could push through the Wilderness before Lee was able to position his troops. Lee beat Grant to the Wilderness and the forces met amid the thick brush and tangles of the forest. Lee was successful in halting the Union advance, but Grant showed considerable determination by refusing to retreat back across the river. Instead, he withdrew from the Wilderness and tried to march around Lee’s army. Grant set his sights on obtaining control of a railroad junction near a village known as

Capitalism versus Socialism Essay Example for Free

Capitalism versus Socialism Essay Budget deficit is just one of the many factors that negatively affect the provision of most of the government projects in the society. Without the sufficient amount of government funds, building of infrastructures and other public goods would be delayed or underprovided. As we can remember, there are some goods and services that can only be provided efficiently if the government is the one who supply it instead of the private firms to protect the rights and welfare of the consumer group. If there exist under provision of these public goods, the societal welfare would negatively be affected. In this regard, there is a question on whether what should prevail in our economy, capitalism or socialism? One may say that this debate between capitalism and socialism is already a cliche, but we cannot set aside the arguments and points of each side which could give us guide us in understanding what is happening in the real world. Let me discuss first capitalism. Capitalism promotes the concentration of the government in the provision of security in the society and not to intervene in the business world. Some capitalists say that, with the intervention of the government, person who wants to establish a business enterprise is being deprived due to the policies that are being implemented by the government. For instance, legal monopoly that was given by the government to some companies hinders other people from starting their own water/electric company. This failure of other people to start their own utility business, as capitalists believe, is a violation to their freedom. Socialism, on the other hand, is extremely the opposite of the capitalists thinking. Here, government intervention is very much welcome and the society is recognizing the ability of the government to efficiently handle companies and to equally distribute whatever the goods or service that they produce to their citizens. One good example to this is the provision of government of medical services and education. Since not all individuals can afford the costs of schooling provided by private firms, what the government does is they establish public schools charging at a minimum amount. As for the medical services, the government establishes public hospitals and clinics that would provide its citizens cheaper medical services and medicines for less capable people. With this, the basic right of human, to have education and access to medical services, is being fulfilled by the government. The reason why government provides efficient goods and services is due to the fact that they are providing the said goods and services at a reasonable price unlike private firms, especially monopolists, that charges above what is socially acceptable price. Now, based from the points of these two ideologies, therefore, it depends on the situation if whether a certain government intervention is good to the society. If the government interferes in the market in order to protect the welfare of its citizens, then, there is no room for capitalists to say that they are being deprived by the government to put their own business. In addition to that, establishing another utility business, like electric company, would be very costly due to the high fixed costs that they must face. This is the reason why it would be efficient if only one would continue ‘monopolize’ the production of electricity in the country. In this regard, if there would be an under provision of public goods like education, electricity, medical services and security due to budget deficit of the government; societal welfare would surely be greatly devastated. More people would be deprived with their basic human rights and might suffer to private firm’s abusing power. Only during instances wherein the private firms abuses their power and charge high to their customer by providing inelastic goods the government initiate actions to regulate the situation. Good Economics versus Good Politics One could say that an act promotes good economics if it aims for the maximization of the satisfaction of the society or market (Sharma, 2007). On the other hand, one could say that an act promotes good politics if it is backed up by a good policy for the welfare of the majority. Most of the analysts say that good economics leads to good politics and vice versa. Others believe that it’s the other way around. The point of the latter is that, making policies that promotes the no personal interest would lead to good economics since promoting the interest of the majority is tantamount to saying that they are maximizing the satisfaction of the society or they are after for the optimal level of societal welfare (Gittins, 2004). In order for each of the said ideals to exists, it must ensure the survival of one another. It seems hard for the politicians to set aside their personal political interest for the public interest but it should be done in order to attain what is really best for the economy and for the country. One way to promote the public interest is to lessen the burdens being imposed to the public like- tax (Gruen, 2007). Minimizing the tax rate would require a long battle and endless debate but the thing is, if all of the politicians would set aside their personal interest everything is possible for the government and they could act efficiently for the betterment of the economy. In this regard, there is no point arguing what is the best for the society- good economics or good politics, since one is needed for the existence of the other. Invisible Hand Principle Advocated by Adam Smith, invisible hand supports capitalist’s view. According to Adam Smith, the government must not intervene in the market and focus only on providing security and justice system to the society. They also believe that government lessens the societal welfare with their imposition of taxes. Taxes just add up to the operational costs of the businesses that in turn being passed to the consumers. In short, the burden of the taxes that are being imposed by the government goes to the end consumers. Adam Smith believes that market systems has its own mechanism to ‘heal’ itself and move back again towards the equilibrium condition even without the intervention of the government. By satisfying the ‘selfish’ motives of producers and consumers, they are unconsciously helping each other. Therefore, increasing the taxes rate collection of the government to cover the budget deficit would be an unwise idea since it would only add up to the burden of the consumers or the public. Government intervention must have the right timing and, as much as possible, impose less burden to the consumers. As what have been cited a while ago, government intervention depends on the situation and the condition between the private firms and the consumer group. Government intervention would only be sufficient if it uplifts the welfare of the consumer group with less negative effects on the private firms. But as for the increasing tax rate scenario, it seems that, although unintentionally, the government negatively affects the welfare of the consumer group while leaving the private firms unharmed since they only pass the taxes to the consumers. In this case, it would be better if the government let the ‘invisible hand’ or the free market system to put back into order the economy. Production Possibilities Curve There are some instances wherein private firms are being restricted in passing the added costs of government intervention to their consumers. Like for instance, the imposition of tariff on importers, tariff is another income generating activities of the government aside from taxation. With the extra expenses of the importers on every unit of goods that they are importing to the country, they can now only afford to buy less of the said imported goods depending on their allotted budget. In this scenario, the business would be producing below its production possibilities curve or PPF. This means that with the existence of higher tariffs on imported goods needed by local industries, the companies could only buy fewer imported raw materials and, therefore, producing fewer number of finished products than with the optimal level of production. This situation is treated to be inefficient, but since tariff is a form of income generation of the government, the only thing that the government could do is to find the efficient level of tariff rate wherein businesses could still produce closely to their PPF. With this, the value of the efficiency that is lost from the private firms would be justified and would return to them in a form of infrastructures in a form of roads and bridges which could alleviate the efficiency of their operation. In reality, it is pretty hard to produce within the PPF due to the existence of various intervening variables and tariff is one of them. The least thing that businesses could do is to produce closer to their PPF or their optimal level of production based on their capacity and capability. Opportunity Costs With the possibility of under provision of important government services, the government cannot afford to make it happen due to the high opportunity costs involved in the case. The government might forego the value of the welfare of its citizens in exchange of the improvement of the welfare of the corporations. If the welfare of the corporations and consumer group is to be calculated, the welfare of the consumer group is surely larger than with the welfare of the corporations in the market; and in the first place, it is the duty of the government to protect and prioritize the safety and welfare of the majority- citizens of their country. Just imagine the number of students that might stop schooling with the cutting of the budget for education; the number of sick and less capable citizens that only relies on the help of the government for cheaper medical services and/or medicines from public hospitals and clinics. To make the situation worst, the government prioritizes the welfare of Iraqis than with its own citizen. It was aired in the news that the government raised the amount of budget for the ‘peace keeping role’ of the government to Iraqi people. It is not bad to help other people, but ‘think first about the welfare of your own people before the others’ since that is the right thing to do. The point here is that, the reason why the government suffers to budget deficit is due to their wrong priorities. The government must not set aside the welfare of its citizen since it would bail them higher opportunity costs.

Middle schools Essay Example for Free

Middle schools Essay There are some types of conditioning that are employed in middle schools and high school settings. Take for example when the teachers enter the classroom, students are â€Å"conditioned† to react in certain ways. Thus, this depends on what they are used to and how teachers will treat such type of behaviors. The initial reaction of the students is referred to as the ‘baseline behavior’ (Honolulu Zoo Organization, 2009). Before any type of conditioning is applied, this behavior should be observed and recorded. In a classical conditioning, there is a large dependence on the association of a stimulus to a response and has involuntary reactions (Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning, 2009). In a classroom setting, classical conditioning can also be applied. Say, students love their music class and that they love to sing. Thus, before each music class, the teacher would play a song. Thus, when the students hear the music, they may start to sing or hum to the tune of the music. This increases their awareness that music class will be next. Then, shaping is applied where a series of actions are equated to a series of reactions. This defines the difference between the baseline and terminal behavior. For an operant conditioning, the most notable feature is the ‘reinforcement’ and that the reactions are voluntary (Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning, 2009). Say when one teacher enters the classroom, the students to stand up and greet by applause. This may be construed by the teacher as the good behavior and, thus, the teacher may give a reward for each student when the students stand and applaud. Say, the reward is a candy bar, which now serves as the positive reinforcement. Consequently, without the â€Å"stand and applaud response,† the candy bar is withheld and students are forced to stand, thus a negative reinforcement. When this is done in an every â€Å"stand and applaud reaction† response basis, thus, continuous reinforcement is applied. Within the shaping, reinforcements may vary. The reinforcement may be done in random, meaning candy bar is not given every time the stand and applaud reaction is done by student, which is called variable reinforcement. If in case the teacher gives more candy bars for a louder applause, then this is now referred to as the selective reinforcement with the aim of increasing performance. Another schedule of reinforcement is the bonus wherein the students may receive more candy bars than the usual as a surprise. The terminal behavior is the behavior after the ‘shaping’ is applied. In this example, the students’ action of standing and applauding every time the same teacher enters the classroom is the terminal behavior after the shaping including the reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is if students fail to stand and applaud or if they just sit instead of stand, the candy bar is then withheld, thus, the students will go back to the stand and applaud response for the candy bar. Negative reinforcement then pushes that the students do something for their benefit. Punishment, on the other hand, is when the students stand and applaud and then they are all sent to the principal’s office, which weakens the ‘enthusiasm’ for stand and applause behavior. Then, if the candy bar is removed after the ‘stand and applaud reaction’, thus, the reaction is no longer encouraged and this is then called the extinction. Reward is a very powerful tool for students and the proper use of it should be understood before it is utilized by the members of the academe. In the same manner, rewards can make or break students’ habits and behavior. This could be dangerous since there is a tendency of students lacking the initiative to work without the reward. This may keep students from doing their best since there is no visible gain for better performance in school. On the other hand, this may also be very helpful in stirring movements for students towards positive actions and better performance. This may be an extra boost on their determination to achieve more in their activities. Reference: Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning. (2009). The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from http://www. dushkin. com/connectext/psy/ch06/compare. mhtml Honolulu Zoo Organization. (2009). Operant Conditioning Terms. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from http://www. honoluluzoo. org/enrichment_operant_cond_terms. htm

History of Animation

History of Animation Historical Perspective Introduction: This section in my dissertation focuses not on the history of animation per se but on the evolution and progress of animation in films and in particular claymation which is one form of stop-motion animation. The desire to animate is as old as art itself. Animation is a form of movie magic with its origins in art form. The earliest examples are still drawings, found in Palaeolithic cave paintings depicting animals with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions, that attempted to convey the illusion of movement. While such images came to life through fairy tales and folk lore, it was only during the 19th century -when inventions were made to make motion picture- that animated pictures became a real possibility. A live -action film and an animated film are different because the live -action camera captures a scene moving in real time, automatically freezing into separate still pictures that can then be projected on to a screen. In an animation film, the animator, on the contrary, can not film anything until and unless he/ she creates through drawings(2D animation) or models (3 D animation) or computer imagery every single frame of a film from scratch. While animation is definitely a highly creative medium, it entails time-consuming processes for an animator who should have vision, faith in the concept and creation, abundant patience and capacity for sustained efforts. THE DEVICES: The development of devices from crude form to highly technical gadget has played a key role in evolution of animation over the years. The earliest device to create an image of a moving picture is known as Zoetrope, invented in China around 180 AD. The modern day zoetrope contraption was produced in 1834 by William George Horner and is considered to be the beginning of the animation devices. The device is basically a cylinder with vertical slits around the sides. Around the inside edge of the cylinder there are a series of pictures on the opposite side to the slits. As the cylinder is spun, the user then looks through the slits producing the illusion of motion. Actually, even in present day animation classes for the beginners, the Zoetrope is being used to explain the early concepts of animation. The magic lantern, believed to have originated from China in the 16th century, is the precursor to the modern day projector. It consisted of a translucent oil painting and a simple lamp. When put together in a darkened room, the image would appear larger on a flat surface. The most significant early day animation device was Phenakistoscope (1831) disc, invented simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer. The photographic sequence experiments done by English-born American Eadweard Muybridge in 1872, using 24 still cameras set up along side horse race track, have been of help to later generation of animators. The animated film took a major step thanks to a sophisticated version of Zoetrope, known as Praxinoscope, invented by French scientist Charles-Émile Reynaud in 1877, a painter of lantern-slides. It used the same basic mechanism of a strip of images placed on the inside of a spinning cylinder, but instead of viewing it through slits, it was viewed in a series of small, stationary mirrors around the inside of the cylinder, so that the animation would stay in place, and provide a clearer image and better quality. After fifteen years of hard work, Reynaud also developed a larger version of the praxinoscope, an animation system using loops of 12 pictures, that could be projected onto a screen, called the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre Optique, first demonstrated at the Musee Grevin, Paris in 1892, comprising 500 pictures on a transparent strip of gelatin. This was the first animation film entitled ‘Pantomimes Lumineuses which lasted up to fifteen minutes. Reynauds films were simple tales mainly concerned with love and rivalry. Reynaud used drawings rather than photographic images, and every subsequent animated film using line animation -from Felix the Cat and Micky Mouse to the Rugrats and the Simpsons -is a successor to the moving pictures that he created. Flip Book, patented in 1868 by a John Barns Linnet, was another development that brought us closer to modern animation. The Flip Book creates the illusion of motion through a set of sequential pictures flipped at a high speed. The Mutoscope (1894) is basically a flip book in a box with a crank handle to flip the pages. 1919 marked the invention of rotoscope. While Emile Reynaud, showed the first animated film using his Theatre Optique system in 1982, three years later, two French brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumiere, presented the first authentic demonstration of what we now think of as cinema. Lumiere Brothers characters were images of real people and hence overshadowed the Emile Reynauds presentations of moving drawings. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces made by J. Stuart Blackton in 1906, featuring a cartoonist drawing faces on a chalkboard, and the faces apparently coming to life, can be termed as the first animated work on standard picture film. This film was released by Vitagraph. Two years later, the French director Émile Cohl (also called Émile Courtet), created Fantasmagorie which was screened for the first time on August 17, 1908 at Theatre du Gymnase in Paris. It was Émile Cohl who relocated to New York City in 1912, spread its technique in the US. Though these animations were rudimentary, ‘Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914 and ‘Koko the Clown in 1919 by Max Fleischer, considered as classics, stepped up the pace of animation films in silent movie era in USA. The Beautiful Lukanida released in 1912 and conceived by the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz (later known as Ladislas Starevich) gets the honour of being the first puppet animation film. Neither this film, nor the first animated feature film -El Apà ³stol, made in 1917 by Quirino Cristiani from Argentina as well as his two other animated feature films, including 1931s Peludopolis, {the first to use synchronized sound}, have survived the present day. The silhouette-animated Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) directed by German Lotte Reiniger and French/Hungarian Berthold Bartosch is one of the earliest-surviving animated feature. This film used colour-tinted scenes, perhaps for the first time. The list of other animated films during the silent era included the following films: ‘Gertie the Dinosaur made by Winsor Mccay in 1914, ‘The Sinking of the Lusitania in 1918, ‘Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend in 1921 by John Randolph Bray who rediscovered some of McCays techniques, ‘The Dinosaur and the Missing Link by Willis OBrien in 1915, the first cartoon super star ‘ Felix the Cat in 1919 and ‘The Lost World , a stop motion marvel made in 1925. This was followed by the famous ‘Aesops Film Fables during 1921-1929 created by Paul Terry, released by Van Beuren Studios. Initially, Walt Disney also made silent cartoons like ‘Laugh-o-Grams, ‘Alice Comedies, ‘Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and ‘Mickey Mouse. Other significant silent era series were ‘ Heeza Liar, ‘Mutt and Jeff, ‘Krazy Kat, ‘Bobby Bumps etc. The notable production houses during this period were: Barre Studio, Bray Productions, Barre-Bowers Studio {The Bray Studios was the first and foremost cartoon studio, housed in New York City-} Many budding cartoonists like Paul Terry of Mighty Mouse fame, Max Fleischer of Betty Boop fame, and Walter Lantz of Woody Woodpecker fame, all statrted their career in this studio.The cartoon studio was based in Circa during 1915-1928. ‘Farmer Alfalfa by Paul Terry and ‘Bobby Bumps by Earl Hurd were well known cartoons produced by the Bray studios. Fleischer Studios, set up by Max and Dave Fleischer created the Koko the Clown, Out of the Inkwell, and Sound Car-Tunes series. In addition, this era also saw distributors of animated films such as Margaret J. Winkler, Charles Mintz, Educational Pictures, Red Seal Pictures, and Bijou Films. Although 1930s witnessed a few more animated feature films, Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs released in 1937 is deemed to be the first animated feature film with sound effects. It could be because Snow White became successful and well-known within the English-speaking world. The first animation to use the full, three-color Technicolor method was Flowers and Trees (1932) made by Disney Studios which won an academy award for this work. We are all aware how Walt Disney dominated throughout the 1930s, through revolutionary cartoons ‘Silly Symphonies, ‘Mickey Mouse, and Donald Duck. The 1930s, termed as the Golden Era in USA animation also witnessed the emergence of big studios making animation films like Warner Bros, MGM and The Fleischer Studios with their creations like Betty Boop and Popeye cartoons. Following the golden Age of American animation (1920s through 1950s), animation evolved at a more hectic pace during the television era i.e. 1950s through 1980s. During this period, the theatrical cartoons and feature films declined to some extent. Hanna-Barbara productions did dominate this phase with their TV animated series. Then we saw the emergence of morning cartoons on week ends, adult animation in the 70s, and a slew of commercial cartoons in the 1980s. The present day animation (1980s onwards) boasts of mind boggling creations most of which are futuristic in concept such as ‘Who Framed Roger Rabbit, the ‘Disney Renaissance and Steven Spielbergs collaborations with Warner Bros like ET, Jurasic Park etc. The Simpsons is one of the most successful series that revived the adult-oriented animation. The other series of this genre is Cartoons Networks late night animation show ‘Adult Swim. Many studios all over the world have joined the bandwagon of making animation films for world wide distribution. The rise of CGI, increasing popularity of Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and the Anime explosion which is mainstream version of Japanese animation represent the current scenario in animation. HISTORY OF STOP -MOTION CLAYMATION: Stop motion and cel animation are two basic techniques in traditional animation. Stop motion animation, is used for many animation productions using physical objects rather than images of people, as with traditional animation. An object will be photographed, moved slightly, and then photographed again. When the pictures are played back in normal speed the object will appear to move by itself. Clay animation is one the forms of stop-motion animation. It is the animation of clay models made preferably of plasticine clay. Producing stop-motion animation using clay /plasticine clay is a time consuming and labour intensive process. That is because, to produce a 30 minute stop motion animation movie using clay models, approximately 21,600 times one has to stop to change the figures for the frames. In the case of feature-length films, in addition to clay, rubber silicone and resin-cast components are used to create models. The term Claymation is a registered trade mark in USA, registered by Will Vinton, the greatest pioneer in clay animation. Though foamation, meaning use of foam-rubber process, invented by Will Vinton has found a place in stop motion animation films, it is clay which is the preferred material to bring about aesthetic effect as well. A variant to claymation is the â€Å"clay melting† used in Will Vintons film ‘Closed Mondays. While there are several forms of clay animation, the notable few are: â€Å"Freeform† claymation represents a process wherein the shape of the clay changes significantly as the animation progresses, as exemplified in the films of Eliot Noyes Jr and Ivan Stang. â€Å"Character† Clay animation maintains a recognisable character throughout the shot as in Art Clokeys and Will Vintons works. The â€Å" Strata -cut animation† entails long bread like loaf of clay packed with varying figures/ images, which is sliced into thin sheets with the camera taking a frame of the end of loaf for each cut as a result of which one could eventually see the movements of internal images within. This technique was pioneered by the German animator Oskar Fischinger during 1920s and 1930s subsequently upgraded by David Daniels in mid-90s as seen in his film Buzz Box. Clay painting is termed as another form of claymation. This process requires clay to be placed on a flat surface and moved like wet oil paints. This technique results in a seamless merger of stop motion and traditional flat animation. Early films using stop-motion were the clasic ‘Chicken Run and ‘Wallace and Gromit, and later ‘The Nightmare Before Christmas and ‘James and the Giant Peach. Sometimes even objects are used, such as with the films of Jan Ã…  vankmajer. Stop motion animation was also commonly used for special effects work in many live-action films, such as the 1933 version of ‘King Kong and ‘The 7th Voyage of Sinbad. It was in 1920s, though eight years earlier Edison Manufacturing released a clay animated trick film called ‘The Sculptors Welsh Rarebit Dream, the clay animation films using either cels or the slash system became the dominant mode in animation film production. Although the cel method was preferred for cartoon films by the studios, clay animation was the medium in the well known film called ‘Modelling produced by Fleischer Studio in 1921. Joan Gratz, won academy nomination for her clay animation films Creation (1980) and won the Oscar for yet another film ‘Mona Lisa descending a Stair Case made in 1982. Craig Barlett, another Vinton animator was known for variation in clay animation used in his series of short films ‘Arnold in the mid 90s. Charles Bowers a comedian with great talent in animation made many bizarre films in the 1920s combining stop-motion animation and comedy. Academy Award winning short films such as ‘ Closed Mondays made by Will Vinton and Bob Gardiner in 1974, ‘The Sand Castle'(1977) and ‘Creature Comforts; , produced by Aardman Studios in 1989 and all four Wallace Gromit films created by Nick Park of Arrdman Animation and last but the least ‘The Presentators again filmed by Aardman Animation are typical claymation films. Clay animation has been creatively employed in several computer games as well viz. The Neverhood, Clay Fighter, Patypus, Primal Rage. Besides TV commercials such as ‘Chevron Cars, childrens shows in the electronic media in the recent times are dominated by clay animation techniques which are often seen on Cartoon Network. Computer graphic image of clay animation is presented in a film called ‘ Flushed Away. COMPUTER -GENERATED IMAGERY {CGI } What has caused a real revolution in animation industry is the Computer -generated imagery- abbreviated as CGI. It is significantly different from traditional animation because the drawings (known as 2D animation) in traditional animation gave way to 3D Modeling which is the virtual version of stop-motion. CGI combines these two forms of animation through computer aided animation but on 2D Computer drawing. CGI is as tedious as the traditional animation and many of the underlying principles of traditional animation are used albeit through computer aided software programmes. While the playback feature creating an illusion is true of all moving images (from zoetrope to films to videogames), the techniques involved in creating CGI are generally removed from a frame-by-frame process. Most of the characters employed in CGI films are based on animal characters, monsters, machines or cartoon-like humans. The latest rend is to create realistic-looking humans. The notable animation films of t his genre are Films are ‘Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within in 2001, ‘Final Fantasy: Advent Children in 2005, ‘The Polar Express in 2004, and ‘Beowulf in 2007. The constraint in this method of animation is to create the nuances and details of a living person if one has to make a realistic CG character; in particular, to synchronise the movement of the hair and clothing with the animated human character. CEL-SHADED ANIMATION Cel shading is a type of rendering, known as non photorealistic rendering, to make computer graphics appear to be hand-drawn. A recent development and a comples process, this is generally applied to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon. The console video games use cel- shaded animation in addition to computer graphics. The material used in cel- shaded animation is the clear sheets of acetate , called cels. Some animators consider Cel -shaded animation as â€Å"2.5 D form of animation†, a via media between 2D and 3D animation. It was only the console video games which shows the true real-time cel-shading as seen in Segas Jet Set Radio launched in 2000 for their Dreamcast console. This style of animation was used in Freedom Project in 2006. ANIMATION IN INDIA: As in the western countries, the roots of animation in India are in Indian Cinema. In the early 20s, Dadasaheb Phalke, arguably one of the founders of Indian Cinema, {in whose name a prestigious award has been instituted to honour every year outstanding contribution in the field of cinema}, match sticks and a stop-motion camera to create a short film which was unfortunately not distributed for public viewing. After a lot of struggle, he succeeded in making a stop motion film ‘The Growth of A Pea Plant in 1912, marking the beginning of animation in films in India. However, the first animation film ever released in a theater was ‘ The Pea Brothers produced by New Theatres Limited, and directed by Gunamoy Banerjee, and released on June 23, 1934. It took nearly seventeen years to produce the next animation film called ‘Jumbo The Fox coming from Ranjit Movietone and released in 1951. In the same year, another animation from New Theatres, ‘Michke Potash, directed by Bhaktaram Mitra was released. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India set up a Cartoon Film Unit as part of its Filns Division to promote animation films. This unit produced in 1956 ‘Radha and Krishna, a 22 minute film based on cel animation, directed by J.S. Bhownagary. It is believed that camera movements over the miniature paintings of Indian art were employed to create the animation. This film won prestigious awards in International Film Festival held in Berlin. Films Division had a team of animators like Kantilal Rathore, Pramod Pati, G.K. Godbole, and V.G. Samant, along with Ram Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Suresh Nayek. A film which impacted animation in India was ‘Kalpana, made in 1948, directed by the legendary dance maestro Uday Shankar, although it was not an animation film. Because, the use of feet movement, film language with rhythm and melody skillfully synchronized appealed to all the film makers including Satyajit Ray Mrinal Sen, do yens of Indian Cinema. Clair Weeks, an animator from the Disney Studio was brought to India by The Films Division, with funding support from UNESCO and the US Technical Aid Programme, to train the animators in the Division. Those who were benefited were Ram Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Ezra Mir and Pramod Pati. In 1960, one of the earliest pro-social animations made by the Films Division was ‘A Great Problem, covering family planning issues was released and received international appreciation for its maker G.K. Gokhale. The first animation film with music was ‘Chaos in 1969. As the animators from the Films Division left and started their own ventures, there was a growth in the studios making animation films in India such Climb Films, Rauko Laboratories owned by Satyajit Ray and Mrinal Sen, and the Prasads Studios in the south. Others like Gimmicks and Pictoreel Facet, opened in Bombay, but have not survived till the present day. It was in 1992 when the Film Festival being organized every year by the Films Division was renamed as the International Film Festival for Documentary, Short and Animation Films, recognizing the growing importance of animation in India. A special section called World Animation in this festival screened the works of international creators like John Halas, Ishu Patel, Osamu Tezuku, Jiri Brdecka, Jiri Trnka. Ishu Patel is one of the well known animators of India who is respected abroad as well. Icerocket Equally important is the contribution made to animation films by the Childrens Film Society of India, set up in 1955 by the Indian Government to promote childrens films. CFSI has produced a huge number of animation films such as ‘Jaise Ko Taisa by Madhab Kunte in 1988, ‘Karuna Ki Vijay by K.S. Bansod in 1985, ‘Lav Kush by K.A. Abbas in 1973, ‘Adventures Of A Sugar Doll in 1966 by Kantilal Rathod, and ‘As You Like It by Sukumar Pillay in 1965. Most of the present day animators of repute have worked on films made by CFSI. Along with film making, the Government of India sought to develop animation teaching in India and accordingly established an animation department in early 70s at the National Institute Of Design which has become the Bedrock Of Animation teaching in India. In addition to teaching traditional and computer aided animation, NID has produced a large number of animation films. ‘Swimmy , a cut out animation film made by Leo Lionni a visiting faculty at NID is till date the best cut out animation film. Other notable films which came out of the NID studios were ‘Cirrus Skies and ‘Patang made by Vinita Desai, ‘Drawing Drawing made jointly by Vinita Desai and Nina Sabnani who also won the international acclaim for her feminist animation film ‘Shubh Vivah dealing with dowry system in this country, using the traditional Rajasthani Marubeni style of painting. The most noteworthy animation film made through NID by the young Prakash Murthy was ‘ Jungle King , base d on Gujarati folklores which received good reviews in the International film festivals. He also made ‘The Square On The Hypotenuse (1995), ‘The Progress Report (1994) and ‘The Protagonist (1988). Shoma Banerje Kak has been credited with making a serial on India called ‘Pradhakshina using cel animation. Other young animators include : Shilpa Ranade, who made Monis Dying who along with Asha Datta, a dynamic producer, has set up Multik Productions. Vinay Rai has made films like Keep Your City Clean, The Drummer nd Animated Bhangra, which was screened at Hiroshimas Indian showcase. Pravin Thakur who created The Brave Bird, and The Louse Story. Neeraj Sahai and Pallvi Sahai with their films like A Monkey And Two Crocodiles and The Big Run. Aman Bajaj has produced films like Khel Khel Mein, Alphabet A and Chikoo And Angola . Ajit Rao, who worked with Ram Mohan Biographics as one of the leading animation designers there, and taught in University of California is teaching in Toonz Animation Studio in India. StumbleUpon Propeller Reddit Magnoliacom Newsvine Furl  · Facebook  · Google  · Yahoo  · Technorati  · Icerocket

Comparing Black Boy and Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay -- comparis

Black Boy and Their Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚   After World War I, Harlem became known for the sudden emergence of literature, theater and music attributed to the migration of African Americans from the South and other cities. Both Zora Neal Hurston and Richard Wright emerged as writers this time, this, however, should not be the sole basis for comparison of their writing as writers themselves. Both Wright and Hurston had different agendas as writers and it is not as important to note their upbringing and backgrounds, but their audiences and the reason that drove them to write.    Zora Neal Hurston was born in Eatonville, Florida, an all black community in 1891. She is known mainly for her novels, but she was also an anthropologist and folklorist. She studied under Franz Boas while at Barnared College and conducted fieldwork in Harlem. This is important because it held her to systematically collect and study the legends, myths and dialect of her informants. Boas stressed that no culture is superior to another and cultures should be studied equally. Hurston was criticized for using dialect, being a "sensual" writer and writing for the mainstream (white) society. Her writing was unlike Wright's, whom Henry Louis Gates, Jr. calls "Hurston's dominant black male contemporary and rival" (188).    Richard Wright was born in 1908 in Mississippi and describes his childhood an autobiographical novel he published in 1945, Black Boy. Wright grew up in the racially charged South and sought to quench the physical hunger he has felt since his father abandoned the family and the spiritual hunger that he was unable to find even though his grandmother was very religious. This hunger, whether tangible or not, led him on a journey... ...cs such as goodness, humility, love, or kindness. His writing can be interpreted as a call to arms at a time when he felt Blacks were apathetic to the problems facing Blacks. The wide scope of these two writers shows how labels are used to categorize people, thus creating a stereotype.    Works Cited Gates,Henry Louis Jr. Afterward. "Zora Neale Hurston: 'A Negro Way of Saying.'" Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. 1990 ed. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Library, 1990 ed. Walker, Alice. "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston." Ms. (March 1975): 74-79, 85-89. Ward, Jerry W. Jr. Introduction. Black Boy. 1998 ed. Washington, Mary Helen. Foreword. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. 1990 ed. Wright, Richard. Black Boy (American Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Youth. 1998 ed. Comparing Black Boy and Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay -- comparis Black Boy and Their Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚   After World War I, Harlem became known for the sudden emergence of literature, theater and music attributed to the migration of African Americans from the South and other cities. Both Zora Neal Hurston and Richard Wright emerged as writers this time, this, however, should not be the sole basis for comparison of their writing as writers themselves. Both Wright and Hurston had different agendas as writers and it is not as important to note their upbringing and backgrounds, but their audiences and the reason that drove them to write.    Zora Neal Hurston was born in Eatonville, Florida, an all black community in 1891. She is known mainly for her novels, but she was also an anthropologist and folklorist. She studied under Franz Boas while at Barnared College and conducted fieldwork in Harlem. This is important because it held her to systematically collect and study the legends, myths and dialect of her informants. Boas stressed that no culture is superior to another and cultures should be studied equally. Hurston was criticized for using dialect, being a "sensual" writer and writing for the mainstream (white) society. Her writing was unlike Wright's, whom Henry Louis Gates, Jr. calls "Hurston's dominant black male contemporary and rival" (188).    Richard Wright was born in 1908 in Mississippi and describes his childhood an autobiographical novel he published in 1945, Black Boy. Wright grew up in the racially charged South and sought to quench the physical hunger he has felt since his father abandoned the family and the spiritual hunger that he was unable to find even though his grandmother was very religious. This hunger, whether tangible or not, led him on a journey... ...cs such as goodness, humility, love, or kindness. His writing can be interpreted as a call to arms at a time when he felt Blacks were apathetic to the problems facing Blacks. The wide scope of these two writers shows how labels are used to categorize people, thus creating a stereotype.    Works Cited Gates,Henry Louis Jr. Afterward. "Zora Neale Hurston: 'A Negro Way of Saying.'" Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. 1990 ed. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Library, 1990 ed. Walker, Alice. "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston." Ms. (March 1975): 74-79, 85-89. Ward, Jerry W. Jr. Introduction. Black Boy. 1998 ed. Washington, Mary Helen. Foreword. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. 1990 ed. Wright, Richard. Black Boy (American Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Youth. 1998 ed.

Samoan Language :: essays research papers fc

Samoan is a rich language that remains the principal language of the people of Samoa. The Samoan language is exquisite and quite easy to learn and is similar to other languages in the pacific region. â€Å"Samoan is a branch of the Austronesian Language, formerly called Malayo-Polynesian language, one of the word’s largest language families, both in terms of numbers of languages-more than 700-and geographic spread-covering islands and some mainland areas from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island and Hawaii in the east† (Amerika Samoa). â€Å"The Austronesian language is divided into two branches: Formosan, the languages spoken by about 200,000 people in Taiwan; and Malayo-Polynesian, comprising the rest of the language in the Austronesian family† (Encarta Online). As a student finishing up his 2nd year of the Hawaiian Language, I was amazed to find several words in Pouliuli having the same meaning in Hawaiian. Therefore, this report will focus on the Samoan l anguage; it’s rules, pronunciation, and the similarities and differences between the Samoan language and the Hawaiian language. The Samoan language cannot be considered as strong language, and few letters of the alphabet are put to use. â€Å"D and B are never used; H, R, and K are of rare occurrence, which are found in words that have been introduced. All words have a vowel termination, and their etymological forms are constructed by the employment of particles attached to the roots, thereby forming agglutinative or polysynthetic words. The Samoan language is comprised of only fourteen letters-five vowels, A, E, I, O, U, and nine consonants, F, G, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, --H, K, and R only occurring in words of foreign origin† (Neffgen 3). The Samoan language now contains many introduced words, which have been distorted by added vowels or substituted consonants, in order for native speakers to articulate them. Samoan vowels have long and short versions. The language is generally pronounced as in romantic languages such as Spanish and Italian. In print the long vowel sound is represented by the presence of a dash or macron over the vowel. Here is a chart on how to pronounce each vowel. Vowel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Long  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Short A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bath  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But E  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eh  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bet I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bit O  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Raw  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gone U  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pool  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pew Source: Samoan Sensation â€Å"Samoan consonants are pronounced the same as in English, with the exception of G, which sounds like the NG as in song† (Samoan Sensation). The Hawaiian language and Samoan language are quite similar because they both come from the same language family.

The Tiger :: essays research papers

The Tiger The Tiger is often described as a particularly dangerous, sly, and invincible predator. The Tiger is the largest of the cat family. They have powerful bodies, large paws, and very sharp claws. The head of the Tiger is rounded and has a convex profile. The ears are black with white in the middle. The Tiger's eyes are a yellowish-orange color, but at night they almost look green. Coloration of the Tiger is reddish yellow or rust- brown on the upper side, and a whitish under side. There is prominent beard like growth of hair on the cheeks, and they may have a short neck mane. There body is covered with heavy black stripes ( Grzinek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 1972).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the day a Tiger may rest in the shade, or lie in a quiet pool of water to escape the heat. Tigers like water, and are very good swimmers. Northern Tigers undertake long migrations. These migrations occur when epidemics wipe out the prey populations. This type of migrations happens often. Temperatures down to -45 degrees Celsius are not harmful and do not dampen their activities ( Mammals Multimedia Encyclopedia 1990).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tigers usually live and hunt alone. When they hunt they can leap 5 to 6 or jump as far as 10 meters. Tigers do not usually prey on people, but some do become man eaters. If a Tiger becomes a man eater it is because of a wound, weakness, or just because it is to old. The young accompany their mother on the hunt when they are 5 to 6 months of age. Tigers begin to hunt alone when they are just eleven months old. Before the young can hunt alone, the mother will demonstrate how it is done(Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tigers usually prey on deer wild cattle called gore, and wild pigs. Whenever humans have domestic animals, Tigers will feed on cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. A cattle eating Tiger will kill an ox about every 5 days, or from 60 to 70 a year. If a tiger has trouble finding food it will eat birds eggs or berries. If a Tiger can not find any kind of food at all, it will eat any kind of flesh it can find( Grzinek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 1972). Tigers have only three major requirements:they need large prey,water,and cover.An adult tiger requires 12 pounds at a time, but it may eat as much as 60 pounds in one night.A tigress with three young require 280 kg of meat every twenty days.At times a tiger must go without food,or will have to make do with

Hcs/455 Health Care Policy; the Past and the Future Hiv Aid in Women

HIV/AIDS in Women HCS/455 HIV/AIDS in Women HIV and AIDS medically known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are spreading within the United States among women and young girls at an astounding rate. It is imperative that women and girls comprehend the issues, data, and trends associated with living with these diagnoses. December 2010, one in four individuals living with a medical diagnosis of the HIV infection within the United States was women (CDC, 2013).The percentage of HIV cases in 1985 was at 8%, and rose to 25% by the end of 2010 (CDC, 2013) HIV/AIDS diagnosis in women represent over half of all adults living in the United States with one of these medical conditions (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Women The epidemic and rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS is continually growing within the United States and the impact it has on women is profound. The main source of transmission of HIV/AIDS in women is t hrough heterosexual intercourse.According to the statistics from the Kaiser Family Foundation HIV/AIDS transmission has increased to 31% in 2005 from 3% in 1985 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Women between the ages of 13 to 19 are 50% more likely to acquire the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. The increased number of young women diagnosed with HIV has resulted in more women with the diagnosis of AIDS between the ages of 24 and 44. This means most women received her HIV diagnosis at a very young age (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007).African American women with HIV/AIDS The numbers have increased at a very high rate in African American women diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The diagnosis of HIV/AIDS elevated in women of African American decent dwelling in the United States (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the year ending in 2010, that women of color diagnosed with HIV/AIDS decreased (CDC, 2013). There was a time that HIV infecti on was one of the prominent causes of demise among African American omen between the ages of 25 to 34 and third with African American woman aged 34 to 44 residing in the United States. . The African American women diagnosed in 2005 were 20 times more than White women (Rose, Sharpe, Raleigh, Reid, Foley, and Cleveland, 2008). The health care industry is attempting to obtain a solution to the increased incidents of HIV/AIDS in women of color as well as the lack of medical care. Policy Recommendations by the CDC to revamp guidelines associated with HIV testing to promote this as a product of routine health care prevention (CDC, 2013).The CDC recommends that every woman receive routine HIV screenings no matter the age, and every pregnant woman within her third trimester (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Signing the Affordable Care Act by President Obama affords HIV/AIDS patients to obtain early treatment and preventative care. Another positive attribute of the Affordable Care Act is tha t health insurance companies cannot deny care to patients for any pre-existing condition, so women will obtain treatment even though the condition is pre-existing (Sharp, Khaylis, Kamen, Lee & Gore-Felton, 2010). ConclusionThe women and young girls who live with HIV and AIDS (AIDS) spread at an astounding rate within the United States. It is imperative that women and girls understood the issues, data, and trends associated with living with those diagnoses. By December 2010, one in four individuals was living with a medical diagnosis of the HIV within the United States was women (CDC, 2013). The percentage of HIV cases in 1985 was at 8%, and rose to 25% by the end of 2010 (CDC, 2013) HIV/AIDS diagnosis in women represented over half of all adults living in the United States with one of these medical conditions (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007).References CDC. (2013). Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Among Women http://www. cdc. gov/hiv/topics/women/ Kaiser Family Foundat ion. (2007). Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States. Retrieved from http://www. kaiseredu. org/Tutorials-and-Presentations/Women-and-HIV-in-the-US. aspx Rose, M. , Sharpe, T. , Raliegh, K. , Reid, L. , Foley, M. , & Cleveland, J. (2008). An HIV/AIDS crisis among African American women: a summary for prevention and care in the 21st century.Journal of Women's Health (15409996), 17(3), 321-324. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Sharp, S. , Khaylis, A. , Kamen, C. , Lee, S. , ; Gore-Felton, C. (2010). A Review of Psychosocial Factors that Facilitate HIV Infection among Women Living in Canada ; the United States: Implications for Public Health Policy. Women's Health & Urban Life, 9(2), 63-79. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Reflective essy

Self-reflection essay I remember first arriving in Haiti. The blast of heat stepping off the plane, cramming onto a mini school bus, and staring out the windows at the outskirts of Cap Haitian and the rural road to Milot. â€Å"I'm in Haiti†¦ † , I kept telling myself, trying to absorb all that I was seeing. The landscape, the way people live here, the norms of this culture were so different from anything I had seen before. We walked the streets of Milot that first day and I strongly recall the uncomfortable feeling of all eyes on us, the trash and the pigs in the rivers, and the children crying, â€Å"Blan!Blan! † as we walked past. It's funny what happens after youVe been in a place for a while. It ceases to be constantly foreign and overwhelming. I no longer see only abject poverty out the windows or while we walk through villages. I notice the details, walls painted bright blue, yellow, red, the heart design carved out of brick that make up the windows of every home, the bright red hibiscus flowers and cacti that form walls around each familys plot of land. When I walk through Milot now I expect people to stare, why wouldn't they?I say â€Å"bonjou† to them and smile, and get a â€Å"bonjou† and a smile ack. I look for the goat babies we pass on our runs, and am always comforted by the mountains surrounding this little town. Haiti is poor, yes, and I am reminded of that every day, but there is so much more to it than that. I wrote the above two paragraphs in my blog a little over a month into my trip to Haiti this summer. They sum up my feeling of becoming part of a place, as much as an American medical student can become part of a small Haitian town in 7 weeks. I had a truly amazing, fulfilling, and personally enriching experience.My first learning objective was, â€Å"to ain confidence in applying the clinical skills I have learned thus far, through working with patients every day. † I became very comfortable workin g through an interpreter, as this was the only way to communicate with every patient I interacted with. I had a lot of practice in conducting patient interviews, performing a targeted physical exam, and taking vitals. This opportunity was an amazing way to remember and fine tune all the skills I learned in medical interviewing, physical diagnosis, and CAP.Interviewing patients who speak English will seem a lot easier in comparison. My second learning objective was, â€Å"to learn how to ask public health questions and carry out meaningful research to improve the health of a population. † About half of our time in Haiti was dedicated to conducting a public health project. This was an incredible learning experience even before leaving the US. Three of us and our physician mentor applied for three IRB approvals as a group. That required a lot of research, teamwork, and delegation.We were able to get approval before leaving for Haiti, which let us hit the ground running. We spent about 2 days a week in small illages around Milot, working with translators and going door to door to interview women, or meeting large groups of midwives in village clinics. This experience was a true test of my patience and ability to put my type A, â€Å"get things done now' personality aside. Vans were always late to pick us up, the translators weren't high quality, and there were myriad miscommunications between us and the volunteer coordinator.Nevertheless, we managed to ge interviews conducted. I strongly believe that as a result of our research, positive developments will happen in Milot. This was a rewarding and challenging experience and even more ducational than I thought it would be going into it. My third learning objective was, â€Å"to strengthen my teamwork skills by working closely and effectively with other medical professionals. † I think my teamwork skills were honed best through working with two other students on our public health project.We all learned how to compromise, how to put our opinions forward effectively, and how to cede to other's opinions. We spent a lot of time and mental energy with each other without ever getting angry. There were times when we'd get frustrated with each other, but we were able to talk about it and move on. All seven of us students spent 2417 with each other for seven weeks and our collective ability to work together, to pick each other up when we were down, and to have fun together was like nothing IVe ever experienced.My final learning objective was, â€Å"to improve my communication skills and cultural competence while working with patients and other health care professionals with varied backgrounds and beliefs. † Of all my learning questions, this was perhaps the most important and the most difficult to successfully achieve. It will be a work in progress for my entire career, which is something I didn't really nderstand until this trip. It's not easy to put oneself, with one's own backgr ound, beliefs, and culturally created personality into another's shoes completely.It's also difficult to understand a culture so far removed from your own. Although I say it's difficult, I spent every single day in Haiti trying to improve my ability to do so. From working with doctors who often worked at a pace that made it seem as though they didn't care about their patients, to waiting for 3 hours for a late ride to a village, to the miscommunications that occurred frequently, every day was a conscious effort to nderstand the culture in which I found myself.Finally, I always heard about how hard it is to deal with the dysfunctional systems in third world countries, and I thought I understood. It's a whole different level of understanding when you see what that means on an individual human level in the eyes of the patients in front of you. And you are helpless to change the system. My time in Haiti I will remember, learn from, and be glad I did for the rest of my life. The things I learned, the relationships I made, and the experiences I had in those seven weeks would take a book to write down and do Justice to.

Disadvantages of Playing Video Games Essay

In the last several years the interactive games have had an amazing development in terms of image quality and variety of games. This has led to children and adults spend more time gaming and less time sharing with their families and friends. There are many significant disadvantages of playing video games. First, electronic games might have a negative impact over personal physical health. Gamers become lazy because they do not exercise every day. For example, they often eat only junk foods while playing, so they can become obese. Besides that, players have weak muscles because they do not exercise continuously, so their physical condition decreases. Moreover, their visibility is reduced by the time they are exposed in front of TV. When competitors spend a lot of time playing interactive games, their eyesight is damaged; as a result, they might need glasses. If gamers’ visibility decreases they have terrible headaches every day; consequently, they do not can sleep efficiently. The second disadvantage is that video games negatively affect the mental health of the people. Players can have a game addiction so they reduced contact with the environment. Playing electronic games loses the competitors interest in doing their daily activities such as hobbies or sports; thus, they do not perform outdoor activities. Furthermore, gamers’ attitude changes with the interactive games because they can be isolated, so they lack social interaction with their families and friends. Additionally, the children behavior can be affected by the excessive gaming because they do not difference between real life and in-game life. When a kid often plays video games, he wants to respond to any problem like his favorite character in the game, so this promotes his violence. Also, electronic games might produce mood swings in very young people; as a result, they have problems behavior in stress situation. Finally, players are irresponsible because do not mind their duties. The students fail in the exams so they repeat the grade. If learners do not do their homework, they do not practice enough their classes; thus, they have a low mark in their test. Besides that, the pupils do not review the lessons because they prefer on-line activities; consequently, they do not study adequately. Moreover, workers fail in their jobs. The gamers become disorganized with their jobs because they do not sleep sufficient by gaming; then, they lost their employment. Not only that, player is unable to concentrate on their work because he is thinking about interactive games all day, so he do not satisfy company expectations. In conclusion, playing video games has several important drawbacks. They are decreased physical condition, play compulsively, isolating, and feckless. Parents should be more careful with the time their children are exposed to electronic games, and adults should try to maintain an active social life.

Riath

Owen Marshall uses animal imagery of a camel to describe Mr Thorpe in the short story ‘Requiem in a Town House’. The use of this animal imagery through similes attracts and maintains the readers attention because it makes the reader sympathize for Mr Thorpe. The reader wants to read on to know why he is like an old camel, what has led to this and why he is viewed in this way. ‘Mr Thorpe stood helplessly by, like an old gaunt camel’, ‘like a camel whose wounded expression is above it all’. These examples of animal imagery from the text create an image of Mr Thorpe like an old camel.Camels are known to be large, awkward and slow moving, so the comparison to the elderly Mr Thorpe is a negative one. Camels are also often put on show at Zoos and such places where they live in small enclosures, much smaller than they are used to. The comparison to Mr Thorpe is demoralizing and dehumanizing to elderly people but also makes the reader feel compassion an d sympathy towards him as he is living in a small house much smaller than he is used to and is confined just like an old camel.The authors purpose was to accentuate the entrapment that Mr Thorpe feels in the town house. This draws the readers attention to how elderly people are treated in society, often put to the side and their opinions ignored, decreasing their value of life. Animal imagery is equally used in Disconnections to attract and maintain the reader’s interest through the alienation of old people, especially towards the elderly woman, the main character. The lady has just suffered from a stroke and the older she’s become her memory is fading. The doddery woman cannot support herself as she walks.Ever since the horrific stroke, she has become very sluggish. She is well aware of her family’s opinions of her welfare and it makes her feel self conscious about herself. The woman has to walk into a room where her family sits waiting for her to come in †Å"watch her inching her wayward leg forward, an awkward stick-clutching crab. † This metaphor illustrates how the old woman walks, awkward, and stiffly jointed like that of a crab. It also highlights her difficult daily struggle to do things that we take for granted in our own life.Animal imagery is extended throughout the text describing her movement being similar to that of a crab’s. â€Å" As I crab into the room. † Sue McCauley effectively uses animal imagery to highlight the many struggles that old people have to go through daily and how much we need to appreciate the ability we have compared to that of an elderly person. She raises the issue of alienation many elderly feel as they are excluded from society and their family no longer want to look after them, but only look down at them.Owen Marshall uses the symbolism of the couch to represent Mr Thorpe in the Town House. Symbolism of the couch is used to maintain the readers interest throughout the short tex t. â€Å"In the corner was a heavy couch that had been brought in from the farm, but wouldn't fit in the house. † Like Mr Thorpe the couch doesn't fit in the Town House; there is no place for it, the couch would get in the way just as Mr Thorpe does. â€Å"Mrs Thorpe developed the habit of sending her husband out to wait for the post. It stopped him from blocking doorways†¦ The couch is stored in the garage and is heavy solid and collects dust. Mr Thorpe ends up spending a majority of his time on the couch in his garage, instead of in his town house that his wife has forced upon him in his retirement: â€Å"as his despair deepened, he would go directly to the couch, and stretch out. † On the couch lies an army blanket and an embroidered cushion. The army blanket has been with Mr Thorpe through thick and thin. The couch is full of history and was beloved just like Mr Thorpe.Just like the couch, Mr Thorpe is useless you could say; he too does nothing but collects d ust. The garage is the only place where Mr Thorpe can feel like he isn't being crushed by the tacky Town House. â€Å"As his despair deepened he would go directly to the couch, and stretch out with his head on the old embroidered cushion. † By comparing Mr Thorpe to an old, lumpy couch this maintains interest for the reader drawing curiosity as to why the comparison is being made. The author’s purpose of using this symbol is to represent Mr Thorpe as an outcast from society.Mr Thorpe has been banished into the shadows of the Town House just like the couch is banished into the dark garage. Mr Thorpe represents everyone who feels outcast and just like another old piece of furniture in a modern Town House. McCauley, also uses the symbolism of the buttons in Disconnection as a technique to help attract and maintain the reader in highlighting the effects on how she is slowing losing her dreams on being able to look after herself and she is just yearning to live in her own h ouse.The symbolism of the buttons is helped to uncover how much the buttons mean to her and help her to stay in reality and retain her short memory. ‘The buttons are too small. Too small. They slither away from my fingers, from my clumsy finger and thumb.. ‘ The reader starts to see it’s not the buttons getting smaller, but that she is slowly starting to lose grip of her life and is starting to struggle with the simple things in life like doing up the buttons.The purpose is to show how she is losing control of her co-ordination, but not only that she is starting to lose control of her life, she has no voice and her family will be the ones that choose her future. The symbolism of the title also attracts and maintains reader. On so many levels, the reader sees how the narrator’s life is disconnected. Throughout the story we see that she is having disconnections with her family, her limbs, neurons and her memories.We learn that all she wants is her independenc e and freedom of her own home but when she gets the chance to say what she wants, her mind goes blank and she fails to make any real sense. â€Å"You were my babies’ I announce†¦. I realise I am making no sense†¦ They have no idea what I’m trying to say and even if I went on to explain they wouldn’t understand†. The reader sees that her last chance to get her only hope has been ineffective and she has lost grip of her life, and no one else will be able to have the time and care to be able to help her with her last wish.McCauley shows how the other characters in the story are aware that this not the right thing to be doing, but they are not giving her a choice they are ready to get on with their life. This method is effective as it is a strong way of attracting the reader to read on because they want to understand how old people are alienated from the rest of the world. The purpose is to show how old people in todays world really have no hope in getting their last wishes as the youth want to get on with their own life and don’t have the time to look after them anymore.