Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project - Research Paper Example Some of the most renowned products are Johnson’s baby products, facial wash clean and clear, Tylenol medications, Acurve contact lenses, as well as Neutrogena skin and beauty products etc. The company is planning to increase its market share and achieve the desired goals; for that matter, Johnson & Johnson analyzes its human resource management practices and policies in order to see which integral parts are performing well and what further improvements are required. This report audits the human resource management of Johnson and Johnson. HR Program aspects that seem to be performing well Employee diverse workforce: Johnson & Johnson has workforce from all parts of the world, speaking different languages, sharing different faith, religion, knowledge visions, customs and culture. This workforce is more than 115,000 employees who share different academic and educational qualification as well. The educational background varies from low level worker to highly qualified PhD scientis ts. (Foster and Kaplan, 2001, p.232) Johnson & Johnson credo being the precipitating factor for swift managing of this workforce and is also a reason behind its success. The workforce may differ in values and beliefs but the company’s credo ethical values seem to bind them as one unit which leads Johnson & Johnson towards success as a single collective workforce unit. Policy towards labor laws and regulations Johnson & Johnson labor laws have these main agendas: The minimum age to qualify for working at Johnson & Johnson is 16 and those who are 18 or under are not allowed to work more than 48 hours in a week. Giving proper rest to workers during work day and avoid maximum working hours for workers in order to maintain safety. Labor prison should be avoided in terms of bonded or forced manipulations of workers. Proper knowledge should be given to workers about the daily or hourly wages, if extra hours are required then, extra hour wages should be disclosed to worker before ini tiating work. Respects the rights of the workers and their decisions of joining or not joining the organization. No discrimination in terms of gender, health, religion etc. Respect the right of workers to bargain in a collective manner without illegal or collective manner. Threats in terms of brutal and sexual harassments should be avoided. The balancing work and family program: Johnson & Johnson started to make efforts for creating a balance in work and family program after taking an inspiration from a credo survey, which revealed the deficiency in commitment of Johnson & Johnson towards work and family program. As a result, balancing work and family program was put to practice. Learning services group: Learning services group was designed to assist operating units regarding workforce performance and towards the adaptability and adjustment of Johnson & Johnson culture. The main aim of this group is to offer quality management and help units to achieve quality and high standard prod ucts (Johnson & Johnson b). The live for life program: The desire of Johnson & Johnson is to have strong and healthiest workers in the world leads toward the idea of live for life. The program merely focuses on exercise, nutrition, stress control and non smoking assistance. Various programs were introduced which offered health and fitness awareness and issues related to health. (Johnson & Johnson a) Training and development with reference to the concept of i- lead: In order to get the

Diversity Organizations Essay Example for Free

Diversity Organizations Essay For years throughout U.S. history women were not afforded the same rights that men were. Throughout history women were thought of being intellectually inferior to men and a source of evil and temptation (Womens International Center, 1994). In early America women were not allowed to vote or work outside of their home and were ridiculed when they did. It was the culture of early America that women were to remain behind the men being in a supportive role but not to voice their opinions. Through much suffrage, it was not until 1848 that the women’s movement came to its beginnings. Focusing on the social, civil, and religious condition and rights women at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York began to express their rights and wants. Headed by Elizabeth C. Stanton and Lucretia Mott, it marked a new era for women in the United States. While the right for equality continued and the creation of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, it brought opposition of the 14th and 15th Amendments (extending citizenship rights and granting voting rights to freedmen) due to its exclusion of women (U.S. Office of Art Archives, n.d.). By the 1920’s the struggle for equality was answered and the status of women had grown. On August 18, 1920, the right to vote was ratified by the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution affording the right to vote for women. Today, women throughout the U.S. still fight for woman equality through established organizations. The National Organization for Women (a major source of protection on workplace equality and reproductive rights) has been at the forefront in support of women. With the assistance of so many organizations in the fight for women’s rights, that statuses of women are equally more today than that of years passed. Status of women in United States history today The role and status of women has drastically changed throughout the decades. Women have taken a more responsible role outside of the home in joining the  workforce. From being one-third of the workforce in the late 60’s, they make up more than half of the force in the U.S. today. According to Center for American Progress (2014), women have also gained a considerable role within politics in the country with record numbers serving in congress (para. 1). With the fight to end gender discrimination by big insurance companies, women have solidified their economic security. Constructions of masculinity and femininity seen in society and media As American culture continuously evolves, so do the lines of male and female roles and functions. Society’s view of masculine and feminine roles has become embedded in the minds of people. From an employment standpoint, society views for example that doctors and lawyers are one of a masculine role whereas nurses, teachers or social workers would be more of a feminine role. The media’s portrayal is just as bias to the constructions of masculinity and femininity. An example in modern media would be that tattoos and a considerable amount of muscle mass would be viewed as one of a masculine trait. More often the depictions are movies; music videos and even in magazines. The role of a homemaker has been viewed for example as one of a feminine role. Although the depictions are in the mainstream, it has been a barrier broken down by both men and women taking on varied diverse roles. Status of GLBT people historically The GLBT community, throughout history has faced much discrimination and prejudice. The GLBT community has had it hurdles of being socially acceptable and still does today. In the United States, members of the GLBT community historically were a cultural minority. Through much oppression, the gay liberation movement of the 1970’s brought forth pride marches every June in the United States. During the 80’s socially the status of the GLBT community was decimated by the AIDS epidemic. This led to fear and ridicule being described as the, â€Å"Gay Man’s Cancer†. There has never been a more separation of social status with any other community than of the GLBT community. Status of GLBT people today Although America is widely divided today attitudes are changing rapidly in acceptance of gays and lesbians. With the growing approval of same-sex marriage, basic civil liberties and freedom of expression for the GLBT  community, the trend of greater tolerance is growing. Over the last two decades, same-sex marriage has risen in support with 11% approval in 1988 to 46% approval and rising today. The status of patriotism and service of GLBT members in uniform in the past resulted in the uncomfortable compromise of â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† (Morris, PhD, 2014). This crusade like movement ultimately abolished decades of military forms of discrimination and dishonorable discharges. Although there are a great many that seek to dissolve, it creates an opposition between both the hetero and homosexual communities. Social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U.S A political issue relevant to women would be health care reform. With the Affordable Care Act it provides advances for the women’s health issues. The current pending case on contraceptive insurance coverage is an endless debate women’s rights and health. An extraordinary and yet accomplished issue for the GLBT community is the recent strike down of Arkansas 2004 amendment prohibiting same sex marriage (Volsky, 2014). The original ban was in violation of the state constitution and the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. References Womens International Center. (1994). Womens History in America. Retrieved from http://www.wic.org/misc/history.htm U.S. Office of Art Archives. (n.d.). The Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920. Retrieved from http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/WIC/Historical-Essays/No-Lady/Womens-Rights/ Rainbo Organization. (2009). Organizations Fight for Womens Rights. Retrieved from http://www.rainbo.org/organizations-fight-for-womens-rights/ Sewall-Belmont House Museum. (n.d.). Womens History in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.sewallbelmont.org/learn/womens-history-in-the-u-s/ Bader, E. J. (2014). Reproductive Justice and Womens Equality: There is Some Good News!. Retrieved from http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/23588-reproductive-justice-and-womens-equality-there-is-some-good-news Volsky, Igor. (2014). Judge Strikes Down Arkansas’ Same-Sex Marriage Ban. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/05/09/3436443/judge-invalidates-arkansas-b an-against-same-sex-marriage/ Morris, PhD, B. J. (2014). History of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Social Movements. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/history.aspx Associate Program Material Diversity Organizations Worksheet Search the Internet for information related to the following: Women’s rights organizations Equality organizations Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) rights organizations Note. You may also refer to the Internet Resource Directory of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Complete the following table with notes and thoughts related to your findings: Site Thoughts/Notes Ford Foundation (http://www.fordfoundation.org) Supports inequality discrimination Network building for women human rights organizations against discrimination inequality Equality Now (http://www.equalitynow.org) campaigns to raise awareness by highlighting individual cases of pervasive and severe violations against women and girls calls for the repeal of all laws that discriminate against women in accordance with international and regional human rights standards Human Rights Campaign (http://www.hrc.org/) organization working to achieve equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Americans represents a force of more than 1.5 million members and supporters nationwide mobilizes grassroots actions in diverse communities invests strategically to elect fair-minded individuals to office and educates the public about LGBT issues. Use your notes to aid in your responses to the questions below. You may need additional resources from the University Library to complete this activity. Write a 750 to 1,050- word paper answering the following questions: What has been the status of women in the United States throughout history? What is the status of women in the U.S. today? What are some examples of concepts or constructions of masculinity and femininity that you see in society and in media? Historically, what has been the social status of GLBT people? What is the status of GLBT people in the U.S. today? What are some social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U.S.? Provide citations for all the sources you use. Submit this Diversity Organizations worksheet and your paper as instructed by your facilitator.

The Supermarket Essay -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

The Supermarket The other day I walked into the supermarket to buy a box of Kleenex. I was faced with a variety of colors, textures, box designs, and even the option of aloe. All these features designed for a product to blow my nose into! Selection wasn't limited to the Kleenex section, either†¦I found abundance in every aisle. We seem to always want more - more choices, more variety, more time. In fact, even the word "supermarket" implies a desire for more than just a simple market. No longer just a place to buy food, the supermarket has become a place to cash a check, buy a birthday card, or pick up some tulip bulbs. These new extras are all centered on the idea of convenience. We all hope to find a few extra moments in our days, so supermarkets offer us a way to save time. I'll be the first to admit that buying three things at the same store is nicer than driving across town. Saving time can definitely be a good thing. Variety is another "more" I found on my trip to the supermarket. In the refrigerator case alone I found over thirty kinds of cheese. ...

Is Human Population Growth A Threat Environmental Sciences Essay

Even though population is frequently considered a sensitive subject, it is going progressively hard to disregard the construct that population growing threatens the environment. The rapid addition in population growing over the past few centuries has led to an increasing involvement in, and a turning concern for population growing as one of the cardinal menaces to the environment. A menace to the environment can be in many different signifiers, such as dirt eroding, clime alteration, deforestation, wastes, and pollution. The purpose of the undermentioned essay is to research how population growing is considered to lend to these issues and degrade the environment. In order to accomplish this purpose the essay will be split into two chief parts. The first subdivision will sketch theories that argue population growing is a menace to the environment. This will be supported by Malthus and Meadows et Al. In order to derive a compendious analysis this essay will concentrate on the natural e nvironment, in peculiar researching how deforestation is threatened by population growing. However, the 2nd portion of the essay will dispute this and intent that population growing does non jeopardize the environment. It will reason that an increasing population could better environmental quality. It besides will claim if resources are managed sustainable so population growing will non negatively affect the environment. This is supported by Tiffen and Mortimore and Fox. Local instance surveies are used as micro surveies show the relationship between population and deforestation more clearly, as macro surveies are affected by many other influences. Finally the decisions reached are population growing is non the root cause of environmental harm. If resources are managed sustainably and new engineerings are used, so population growing itself would non endanger the environment. A positive correlativity between population growing and environmental harm â€Å" Overpopulation [ is ] our figure one environmental job † ( Rodnguez-Tnias 1994:1379 ) . Since 1650 the rate of population growing has increased. This has resulted in a rapid addition of the universe population which â€Å" rose from 3.3 billion in 1965 to over 6 billion by the twelvemonth 2000 † . Thus universe population about doubled in merely 35 old ages and the rate of growing itself was besides lifting. Furthermore a billion people were added to the universe population from 1987 to 1999, an addition equivalent to the entire universe population in 1804 ( Panayotou 2000 ) . This comparatively recent addition in universe population has led to a climb concern for how population growing affects the natural environment and natural resources ( Meadows et al 2005:28 ) . There are many grounds as to why population growing is seen as a menace to the environment. For illustration, human populations use up natural resources, omit nursery gases lending to climate alteration, destroy home grounds ensuing in loss of biodiversity, and increase air and H2O pollution degrees. Hence, about all environmental issues are either straight or indirectly related to population. Furthermore, it is frequently reported in the media that a turning population is an environmental menace, farther increasing the concern. For illustration Andrew Woodcock studies in The Independent that a â€Å" flourishing population is a menace to climate alteration † ( 2006 online ) . There has been a coincident tendency of a growing in population and a steep lessening in environmental quality and an addition in resource depletion ( Panayotou 2000 ) .Consequently, population growing is frequently considered the greatest and cardinal menace to the environment. The argument on the correlativity between population and the environment began over 150 old ages ago when classical political economic experts such as Malthus ( 1798 ) identified a relationship between population and nutrient supply. He argued that population grew exponentially, whereas nutrient supply would merely turn arithmetically, ensuing in major nutrient deficits. He claimed that the force per unit area on agricultural land would ensue in a diminution in environmental quality, coercing cultivation of poorer quality land. He criticised the thought that agricultural betterments could be made and spread out with bounds and claimed that the power of population growing was greater than the Earth ‘s ability to back up adult male. Malthus concluded that population growing must limited to stay within environmental limitations, as the Earth ‘s resources are finite. Malthus ‘ theory that the size of population is dependent on nutrient supply and agricultural methods, This thought was resurrected in the twentieth century, by cardinal publications, most notably The Limits to Growth by Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) and The Population Bomb by Ehrlich ( 1968 ) . This new organic structure of work by modern-day writers is referred to as neo-Malthusianism. The argument nevertheless has shifted from agricultural land to concerns about the function of population growing in the depletion of other natural and renewable resources, and the consequence of population growing on clime alteration and on biodiversity loss. Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) argued that population growing can make jobs because of environmental bounds. They argued that population growing can non go on indefinitely and used by informations to foretell future tendencies in universe population, resource depletion, pollution and nutrient production. They claimed that the bounds of the planet will be reached within the following century and that population could therefore non transport on turning. In their 30 twelvemonth update in 2005 they argued their decisions were even more of import today. They claimed that there is now land scarceness and the bounds have been approached, which is particularly serious as population keeps lifting and resources are being depleted. Growth in the Earth ‘s population could take to the possibility for a possible ruinous wave-off ( Meadows et al 2005 ) . Livi-Bacci ( 2001 ) points out that in Bangladesh the bounds have already been reached, hence population can non transport on turning. This is similar to Ehrlich ( 1968 ) who argued that there should be action to cut down population growing otherwise there would be aggregate famishment. The growing of universe population increases the demands on natural resources, doing it hard to protect these resources, therefore worsening environmental quality ( Sitarz 1993 ) . Hence there are grounds to worry about the consequence population growing will hold on the environment in the long term ( Sen 1994 ) . Consequently the consensus is that there is a â€Å" population job † ( Neumann 2004:817 ) . Population growing causes jobs in the local environment. There is no individual usher to analyzing the province of the environment ; therefore the relationship between population and environment is normally evaluated in footings of single resources or measurings of environmental quality ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Environmental quality can be measured by the stock of woods or by the absence of air and H2O pollution. The affect population growing has on deforestation has received considerable attending as woods play a cardinal function in wildlife home grounds, the C rhythm, and a beginning of natural stuff. At the planetary graduated table deforestation contributes to planetary heating, and at a local graduated table leads to dirty debasement ( Fairhead and Leach 1995, Nyerges and Green 2000 ) . There is grounds which supports Malthusian statements that an increasing population has a negative consequence on environmental stocks. The function of population growing is peculiarly clear in delicate environments such as woods ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . The cause of deforestation is often seen as a consequence of population force per unit areas as population growing increases the demand for cultivable land, ensuing in a transition of forest land to other utilizations ( Cropper and Griffith 1994 ) . Malthus argued population growing would ensue in a higher demand for agricultural land and this consequences in a diminution of forest land peculiarly in Africa and Latin America ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . 60 % of the universe ‘s deforestation is a consequence of the demand for more agricultural land ( Pimentel and Pimentel 1999 ) . Each twelvemonth, â€Å" 70 million people are added to universe population, largely in developing states and 15 million square kilometers of woods disappear à ¢â‚¬  ( Panayotou 2000:25 ) . This research led to many people speculating that more people must ensue in fewer woods, as the higher the population growing, the faster this procedure will take topographic point ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1990, Rudel 1991 ) . This will do a steep lessening in forest size from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. Forests often owe their beginnings to depopulation, hence ensuing in the decision that population growing causes deforestation, particularly in hapless and developing states ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . This affect is more ascertained at the local degree, for illustration Cropper and Griffith ( 1994 ) used panel informations for Asia, Africa and Latin America between 1961 and 1988 and found a positive relationship between deforestation and population growing. Additionally, Fairhead and Leach ( 1995 ) identified that there was an ascertained diminution in woods in The Ziama Forest Reserve in Guinea as a consequence of turning populations, which have moved off from â€Å" traditional † methods. IUCN study on Ziama states that â€Å" forest screen in this portion of Guinea is now merely 20 % of what it was ‘at beginning ‘ † and the study emphasizes that the wood is regressing quickly ( cited in Fairhead and Leach 1995:1029 ) . Therefore the diminution of woods reflects the populations who cleared it ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . Furthermore Sambrook et Al ( 2004 ) did a survey of 450 traditional hillslope farms in the Dominican Republic, and found there was positive relationship between population force per unit area and deforestation. They found that for the full 1987 farm sample, â€Å" 52 % of the fluctuation in deforestation is explained by population force per unit areas † ( p36 ) . This consequence can besides been seen at the state degree, for illustration in Thailand deforestation was caused by demographic force per unit area from migration ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . Consequently, â€Å" population growing causes a disproportional negative impact on the environment † ( Ehrlich and Holdren 1971:1212 ) . There is a conventional wisdom that population growing is responsible for deforestation. This supports the neo-Malthusian position that population growing is the root cause of environmental debasement, and turning demands for finite resources. Therefore the solution is direct population control ( Panayotou 1996 ) . If population growing is a major menace to the environment so steps must be taken to cut down the rates of growing. Livi-Bacci ( 2001 ) argues that a diminution population addition will spread the issue of the environment. Therefore â€Å" there is an immediate demand to develop schemes aimed at commanding universe population growing † ( Sitarz 1993:44 ) . This means that there needs to be support for household planning throughout the universe particularly in developing states which have the highest rates of population growing, and less entree to household planning ( Barlett 1994 ) . Therefore, decelerating the addition in population, particularly in the face of lif ting demand for natural resources, can assist protect the environment. As population size ranges even higher degrees the environment is at hazard and the result is impossible to foretell, therefore policies to cut down population are needed ( Upadhyay and Robey 1999 ) . However, the following subdivision will counter this and argue population growing is non a menace and hence there is no demand for population controls. Population growing is non the cardinal issue for menaces to the environment There is agnosticism about whether population growing is the cardinal menace to the environment, as Monbiot ( 2008 online ) writes â€Å" is population truly our figure one environmental job? † Even though there is grounds of a correlativity between population growing and a lessening in environmental quality, a about perfect correlativity does non needfully connote causing. Otherwise, it would be expected that states with the highest population such as China and India would hold the highest usage of natural resources ( Panayotou 2000 ) . The world-wide mean per capita usage of forest resources is 0.75 hour angle, whereas in China, a state which about 20 % of the universe population uses less that mean forest resources with merely 0.11ha/capita ( Pimentel and Pimental1999 ) . Some jobs have been raised over the Malthusian position of population growing endangering the environment. The universe has coped with fast additions in population, even though Malthus predicted awful catastrophes. At the clip he wrote there were fewer than a billion people in universe but he felt the Earth ‘s bounds had past. The universe population has grown six times larger since 1798, but contrary to what Malthus predicted, nutrient production grew even higher ( Sen 1994 ) . Clearly, Malthus ( 1798, 1803 ) did non anticipate the technological progresss of the last two centuries as a consequence of the industrial and agricultural revolutions. Like other classical authors he assumed that land productiveness was fixed ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Boserup opposes Malthus ‘ theory reasoning that agricultural methods depend on population size ( Darity 1989 ) . Boserup ( 1965 ) theorised that population determined agricultural methods, hence the power of enterprise and new invention s would get the better of the power of demand. This means population growing would non go on to degrade the environment as communities would exchange to new and more intensive methods of the land. Thus population growing does non ensue in a debasement of the environment because populations will alter to another system with a higher carrying capacity. Therefore, â€Å" the issue is non the Numberss of people, but how those Numberss relate to available resources † ( Barlett 1994:9 ) . Technological alterations and better direction of resources would guarantee that a population can spread out the Earth ‘s capacity. It can be argued that population growing is in fact the drive force for efficiency and technological invention guaranting growing without damaging the environment ( Panayotou 1996 ) . For illustration an addition in agricultural outputs can countervail the consequence of population growing on deforestation as a 10 % addition in agricultural outputs from technolo gical alteration would ensue in a 1.1 % decrease in deforestation ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Therefore the effects of population growing can be reduced by modern engineering and increased efficiency ( Cropper and Griffiths 1994 ) . Consequently, an environmental crisis can be avoided if stairss are taken to conserve and pull off resources and demand sustainably ( Upadhyay and Robey 1999 ) . Therefore the natural environment and resources has ne'er been fixed but has expanded due to invention. The bounds to growing are non defined as they are connected to the effects of technological growing and cultural picks ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . This rejects Malthus ‘s statement as he assumed land productiveness was fixed, whereas Boserup ( 1965, 1976 ) argues that dearth is non possible as technological alterations would let nutrient production to maintain up with population growing. In add-on, more efficient and environmentally sound agricultural engineerings must be developed and put into patte rn to back up the continued productiveness of agribusiness ( Pimentel and Pimentel, 1996 ) . Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) and Ehrlich were incorrect to propose population growing would take to environmental debasement as it may ensue in preservation or an betterment of the natural environment. This position does non curtail the degrees of population but suggests it can actively better the environment. Tiffen and Mortimore ( 1994 ) argued against Malthusian positions and pointed out that population growing does non needfully endanger the environment as better direction and investing would guarantee the natural environment is protected. Agricultural labour demands increased non because of a larger sum of cropped land but because of larger labor demands, as Boserup suggests. They pointed out that an increasing population would increase entree to beginnings of cognition and utilizing engineerings. This enables outputs to lift faster than population growing. Like Tiffen and Mortimore, Murton ( 1999 ) besides argued against Malthusian statements. He used illustration in the Machakos ter ritory in Kenya which showed that environmental preservation occurred during periods of population addition. Therefore, population growing is an of import agencies of bettering environmental quality. Therefore, if resources are direction sustainably so population growing can protect the environment. He found population growing has a positive influence on woods as husbandmans became more dependent on non-agricultural beginnings of income. Therefore, Malthus is incorrect to propose there would be a calamity as population addition can hold a positive influence on woods. This is supported by Fox ( 1993 ) who did research on forest resources in a Nepali small town Bhogteni in 1980 and 1990 and found â€Å" despite an one-year population growing rate of 2.5 % , woods were found to be in much better status in 1990 than they were in 1980 † ( p89 ) . Thus population growing had a positive influence on forest resources. He found that Nepali husbandmans began to develop their ain method s for conserving the woods through community direction. This consequence in an addition of forest resources as in 1980 private woodlots had 179 trees/ha compared to 489 trees/ha in 1990. Therefore population growing does non needfully take to downward spiral of land debasement. Fairhead and Leach ( 1994 ) besides identified a counter-narrative for their grounds, as local occupants argued they had created the spots of forest around their small towns, non destroyed it. Oral history suggests that the small towns encouraged and managed the growing of forest islands around their small towns. Therefore, it is non needfully the instance that the country was originally forest prior to increase of the population. It is imaginable that direction of the local resources was partly responsible for the spread of forest countries, from earlier savanna-like conditions. They point out that more small towns really resulted in more forest islands. The Ziama part was originally au naturel stone non for est land. Therefore there is a broader narrative ( Fairhead and Leach 1995 ) . Therefore the incorrect readings were made based on stereotypes ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . Conversely, unwritten history is non fact, or based on empirical grounds and ca n't use these local/village findings everyplace. Hence the cogency of these statements is questionable. While this rejects Malthusian statements, as population growing did non take to farther environmental debasement, it does non corroborate Boserup ‘s hypothesis that population growing would take to new inventions. Furthermore, population growing creates the inducement to protect the environment, as costs of bing resources addition and benefits from replacements are realised ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Therefore the rapid population growing in Bhogteni may hold resulted in an increased willingness of the small towns to seek better direction for forest lands. Thus woods would non hold been perceived as threatened if there was non a high population growing rate. Fox ( 1993 ) besides argues that other variables contributed to the direction of the forest in Bhogteni, such as an debut of a new route and alterations in forest term of office. Nevertheless, while population growing can trip land usage alterations it is non the root cause of environmental harm. The root cause consequences from market failures, particularly in developing states where belongings rights are neither defined nor implemented. Thus the private cost of deforestation is zero. Therefore, because they have no right of ownership to the la nd they have no inducement to protect it and do efficient land-use determinations ( Panayotou 2000 ) . We should acknowledge, nevertheless, that the immediate menace to these lands is non population growing but bad forest direction policies. Before population can be cited as the cause of forest debasement, forest policies must be implemented that provide inducements for local people to pull off forest resources ( Fox 1993 ) . It is frequently the decision that population thrusts deforestation, nevertheless, the context must be kept in head, such as unfastened entree forest resources, low degrees of instruction, insecurely held agricultural land. These all combined prevent response to population growing. Therefore a more complete analysis should look at all these factors. Furthermore, other issues besides affect the rate of deforestation. Holdren ( 1991 ) used a mathematical expression I = P x A x T to demo how population, richness and engineering have an impact on the environment. H e claimed that environmental policies should concentrate on ingestion instead than population growing. Population growing is a factor among other issues. While the Brundtland Report ( 1987 ) states that population growing is non the cardinal job. Furthermore, if a state has a higher income so the rate of deforestation is likely to be slower. As income rises, people use other energy beginnings and modern agricultural techniques which reduces the demand for agricultural land. Therefore cut downing the rates is population growing is non needfully the best method for diminishing the rate of deforestation ( Cropper and Griffiths 1994 ) . Therefore all of these factors are responsible for a impairment of the environment and all demand to be tackled. Therefore population is merely one factor among many, and the interactions of these factors are important for driving the deforestation procedure. Policies are needed to undertake poorness in developing states and high ingestion degrees in dev eloped states foremost ( Saxena and Nautiyal 1997 ) . However, it depends what degree is being surveies as micro surveies may happen important negative effects on resources from population force per unit areas on the local environment, while macro surveies identify no resource restraints at the national or planetary degree. This differentiation between ‘macro ‘ or aggregate, analysis and micro, or more disaggregated analysis is one that you could develop farther. One of the points that this leads to is inquiries of control of resources and the utilizations to which they are put. Macro-level and micro-level analysis may take to different penetrations and decisions in this respect. Micro studies-even though better analyse the consequence of population growing besides mask the wider socio-economic factors which may ensue in environmental debasement ( Murton 1997 ) . Therefore there are complications for following the consequence of universe population on the planetary environment ( Panayotou 2000 ) The engagement crises in population, resources, and environment ( Ehrlich and Holdren 1971 ) . â€Å" The Malthusian theory of population growing and resource debasement is clearly a myth that needs to be slain.p97 † ( Fox1993 ) . Decision From analyzing the grounds above it is clear that there is small understanding on the relationship between population and environment, there is a enormous fluctuation in findings and their reading. The selective usage of grounds gives rise to results that range from the most pessimistic to the most optimistic. The aim of this essay was to reexamine analytically and critically the statements on the population-environment interface. This essay has outlined Malthusian statements of population growing doing environmental debasement. This essay has besides explored counter-evidence to this, reasoning that invention and a better direction of resources can countervail the effects of population growing. This essay has besides argued that other factors affect are the cause of impairment in environmental quality. A more complete analysis should integrate these factors and their interaction with population growing. It is by and large agreed that population growing is an indirect menace to the environment. Therefore direct menaces need to be addressed. Issues such as poorness demand to be solved to better environmental quality, non cut downing population Numberss. However, whether grounds is used from macro or micro graduated tables can skew the consequences. To reason that much more empirical research, with more sophisticated theoretical accounts, is necessary before we can to the full understand the function of population kineticss ( denseness, growing, distribution and composing ) on deforestation. Java ‘s population quadrupled in the last 100years. However, environmental harm was due to economic grounds non population growing. Failure to better agricultural productiveness and to make non-agriculutral employment has intensified population force per unit areas. Panayotou ( 1996 ) .

John Proctor An Honorable Man

John is a man of strong moral beliefs, who is concerned only for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does not care about the beliefs of any of the other people in the town and what his supervisor which is the Reverend, thinks either. After trying to avoid involvement in the witch trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John tries to avoid any involvement in the Salem Witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he will be committed of adultery with Abigail Williams.Following these events he tries to save everyone’s lives by admitting to this adultery and ends up losing the trial along with his life. He did have a chance to live but instead of signing his name to keep his life, he wanted to die honorably with his friends not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. â€Å"John Proctors decision to die is reasonable and believable†. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate superv isor, says â€Å" there is either obedience or the church will burn like hell is burning.†John, on the other hand, â€Å"has come to regard his self as a king of fraud,† as long as he remains obedient to authority which he can’t respect. In other words he believes that he can’t be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and not by his morals. He thinks there is too much mention of hell in God’s church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving not only his fate but his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community.â€Å"John is the individual who must decide weather or not he will assert himself against an overbearing authoritarian government. † â€Å"His loyalty to his own but his rebellion against the church really involves none but is own welfare, and that in no profound way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem li es on his decision on weather to lie dishonorably or die honorably. John Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he may be but he is still respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so corrupt is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting form the restrictions of too much authority. He does not like â€Å"the smell of this authority. † Many men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were thought of to be the enemy. â€Å"In Salem, the enemy is at least partially represented by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking away from the established authority. † He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as being working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a threat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to show the people of Salem that he really does n ot have an alliance with the devil and that he will die not as the enemy but as a friend. He must show them he is and was committed to the society before it started to become corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as â€Å"John Proctor.†John has two choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an honorable and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and pen to sign away his life he looks at his friends faces and reads their expressions like a book and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die for what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die honorable, and as a honest man.He states t hat â€Å"I have three children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? † He says if he is dishonorable to his friends then this would be stuck on his back along with his family’s, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own father as a role model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.â€Å"As a result of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. After being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and â€Å"give them the lie they want† because of his pride and stubbornness. † John even though he doesn’t want to die for such a pathetic reason, he is faced with the obstacle of being completely against the ot her condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly responsible for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable. John Proctor an honorable man John is a man of strong moral beliefs, who is concerned only for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does not care about the beliefs of any of the other people in the town and what his supervisor which is the Reverend, thinks either. After trying to avoid involvement in the witch trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John tries to avoid any involvement in the Salem Witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he will be committed of adultery with Abigail Williams.Following these events he tries to save everyone’s lives by admitting to this adultery and ends up losing the trial along with his life. He did have a chance to live but instead of signing his name to keep his life, he wanted to die honorably with his friends not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. â€Å"John Proctors decision to die is reasonable and believable†. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate superv isor, says â€Å" there is either obedience or the church will burn like hell is burning.†John, on the other hand, â€Å"has come to regard his self as a king of fraud,† as long as he remains obedient to authority which he can’t respect. In other words he believes that he can’t be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and not by his morals. He thinks there is too much mention of hell in God’s church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving not only his fate but his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community.â€Å"John is the individual who must decide weather or not he will assert himself against an overbearing authoritarian government. † â€Å"His loyalty to his own but his rebellion against the church really involves none but is own welfare, and that in no profound way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem li es on his decision on weather to lie dishonorably or die honorably. John Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he may be but he is still respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so corrupt is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting form the restrictions of too much authority. He does not like â€Å"the smell of this authority. † Many men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were thought of to be the enemy. â€Å"In Salem, the enemy is at least partially represented by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking away from the established authority. † He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as being working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a threat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to show the people of Salem that he really does n ot have an alliance with the devil and that he will die not as the enemy but as a friend. He must show them he is and was committed to the society before it started to become corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as â€Å"John Proctor.†John has two choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an honorable and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and pen to sign away his life he looks at his friends faces and reads their expressions like a book and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die for what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die honorable, and as a honest man.He states t hat â€Å"I have three children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? † He says if he is dishonorable to his friends then this would be stuck on his back along with his family’s, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own father as a role model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.â€Å"As a result of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. After being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and â€Å"give them the lie they want† because of his pride and stubbornness. † John even though he doesn’t want to die for such a pathetic reason, he is faced with the obstacle of being completely against the ot her condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly responsible for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable.

Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Example

Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Example Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Emerald is a green assortment of beryl, found in Afghanistan, Brazil, Columbia, Madagascar, Pakistan, Russia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, in either mineral or treasure quality. Emeralds are priced for their coloring material their vivid leafy vegetables, blue-greens and yellow-greens and have for centuries been some of the most sought after treasures in the universe. In 2000 a 10.11 Nutmeg State Columbian emerald was sold for $ 1,149,850. ( Zachovay, 2002 ) . To understand Emerald we need to first understand the physical and chemical construction of Beryl, Be?Al?Si?O? . Emerald coloring material is caused by hint component of Chromium ( Cr ) and /or Vanadium ( V ) replacing the Aluminium ( A ) cubic decimeter in the crystal construction. Fig.1 shows the crystal lattice of emerald in 2D, the dark Grey shows the tetrahedral formation BeO? , the medium Grey shows the octahedral formation AlO? , the visible radiation Grey shows the tetrahedral formation SiO?. ( Groat, L.A. 2007 ) . Emerald can organize as a crystal or as an dross in a host mineral depending on the sum of Be present and environmental factors like temperature, force per unit area, and infinite in which the beryl crystals ( Be3Al2Si6O18 ) have to turn. Physical Features: Emerald assortments of Beryl have a hexangular prismatic wont with pinacoid expiration, sometimes with bypyramidal faces and imperfect basal cleavage. Rectangular etch cavities occur on the prism faces and hexangular etch cavities occur on pinacoids shown severally in Fig.2 and Fig.3. The hardness is 7.5-8 on Moh`s graduated table, the specific gravitation is between 2.65-2.80. Well formed crystals are called euhedral, have recognizable faces and a vitreous luster. Its stamina, lastingness, stableness, vitreous luster, and hardness do Emerald an ideal rock for jewelry. Its animation does non melt off or respond severely to acid, perspiration or day-to-day rinsing liquids. Precaution is needed nevertheless, as emerald is brickle and can fracture on a crisp knock. Coloring material in Emerald. The spread metal ion is the coloring mechanism in Emerald. Transitional elements, Cr and V are drosss in beryl construction and do the ruddy fluorescence that enhances the brightness of the bluish green coloring material. This consequence is suppressed if Fe3+ is present in the emerald crystal. ( Nassau. 1983 ) . Cr and / V besides give emerald its alone soaking up sets in the ruddy country of the electromagnetic spectrum. Beginning: Emerald formation necessitates Be. Harmonizing to Groat L.A. , the procedure of Be formation can be divided into phases as follows: Be bearing stone demands to happen right status for stage alteration ( e.g. liquid or vapor ) and Needs a transit mechanism for mobilization ( otherwise the Be will solidify and the whole procedure starts once more ) . If the silicate thaws in an environment rich with Fluorine ( F ) , Lithium ( Li ) , Boron ( B ) , Phosphorous ( P ) , it can retain the changed stage of Be for transit ( Evensen et al. 1999, London A ; Evensen 2002 ) . To crystallise, the Be, together with Al ( aluminum ) , Si ( Si ) and O ( O ) , needs an unfastened infinite, cleft or pit in pegmatic stone. Be tends to concentrate itself in pegmatites, granites, black shale and their metamorphous equivalent and Cr and / Vare concentrated in dunite, peridotite, and basalt of the pelagic crust and upper mantle, and their metamorphous equivalents. However, high concentrations can besides happen in sedimentary stones, peculiarly black shale. ( Schwarz et al. 2002 ) Be is the forty-seventh most abundant component in the Earth s crust ( Emsley, 2001 ) . The debut of Cr and / V ( severally 92 and 97 ppm in the Earth s crust ) to Be ( 1.4ppm in lower crust, 2.29 ppm in in-between crust, 2.1 ppm in the upper continental crust ) requires unusual geological and geochemical metasomatic procedures such as the invasion of Be rich magmatic fluids or the merger of Be-rich pegmatite minerals with the environing Cr / V sedimentary stone. ( Rudnick A ; Gao 2003 ) This is how Emerald is formed. Other Variables to see: Harmonizing to Barton A ; Young ( 2002 ) Be is necessary to beryl formation. The stableness field of temperature is comparatively broad between 300-6000 with Al2O3 as intermediate. But with really high Al2O3 and really low Al2O3, environments, can take to precipitation of Chrysoberyl ( BeAl2O4 ) or Euclase ( BeAl [ SiO4 ] OH ) and Phenakite ( Be2 [ SiO4 ] ) or Bertrandite ( Be4 [ Si2O7 ] ( OH ) 2 ) . In contrast if the activity for SiO2 is low, other minerals like Chrysoberyl, Phenakite and Bromellite will precipitate . Decision: Beryllium is scarce. Because of Be s little mass extremely sophisticated machines like Scaning Electron Microprobes battle to analyse it accurately. Even with Laser extirpation ICP-MS, SIMS ( Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ) , there is so much Be in the construction that the analysis can be suspected. ( Groat L.A. 2007 ) Be interacting with Cr / V, and Cr / V moving as a chromophore makes the whole procedure interesting and rare, therefore doing an Emerald a valuable rare treasure. Technological promotions are still needed to better understand, the chemical composing, drosss and crystal construction which can take to earth s cardinal geological and geochemical mechanisms. At present apprehension of the authoritative theoretical account of elements and how they interact in geological procedures is flawed. This means the construct of Mother Nature moving as an unfastened beginning, where everything contributes to the one thing or another, is non to the full understood.

Environmental Determinism Essays

Environmental Determinism Essays Environmental Determinism Paper Environmental Determinism Paper Although environmental determinism has been acclaimed throughout history, it has been lately declining; it has also been divided into arioso subsets including, climate, economic growth and many more. Since ancient times, many prominent Greek philosophers leaned on the idea that they Were more developed than other societies due to their great climate. Plato, Aristotle and Strata were supporters of these ideas; it was Strata who wrote that the psychological disposition of races is influenced by the climate. An East-African writer, AY-Jazz, related environmental determinism with the theory of evolution to explain skin colors. He believed that environment aspects of the black basalt rocks in the Arabian Peninsula were the cause of he dark-skinned African people and animals. An Arab sociologist, scholar and also first officially known environmental determinist, Bin Chalked, who wrote the Macadamia (1 377), stated that most dark human skin color is due to the hot climate in the region. This belief was supported by many people but was later flamed around the years sass because it was believed it was a justification for imperialism and racism-Environmental determinism reached its maximum point in the 19th century when the German geographer Frederica Rtees and his students, Ellen Churchill Sample and Ellsworth Huntington, used it as the central theory of discipline and was quickly expanding. By the early sass environmental determinism was being replaced by environmental possibility because it was said that environmental determinism was to broad of an explanation and it generalized cultures and behaviors just because of direct observation. By the sass environmental determinism was fully replaced by environmental possibility. Environmental determinism has various subsets, one which is the climatic subset, sometimes known as the equatorial paradox, which was studied greatly by Ellsworth Huntington. The climatic subset is a theory to be part of a geographical economy. It is believed that the tropical climate regions or countries tend to be less developed than the countries further to the equator. Following this theory about 70% of the economic development of a county can be predicted from the distance between that country and the A clear example of this may be Canada whose GAP of 2011 was $1. Trillion U. S dollars and is located far north of the equator, Nicaragua whos near the equator and has a GAP, as of 2011, of $7. Billion U. S dollars. Also, Chile who is southern more of the equator has a GAP of $248. Billion U. S Dollars as of 201 1 as well [2]. This theory has counter-examples due to high investments done within the country and also resources such as oil, fish, wood, and many more. Another us best of environmental determinism is the economic growth. Geography is a great influence in the economic growth because people usually tend to move to more productive areas where you tend to have easier access to resources. Usually, countries that have a vast access to fresh water, arent land locked, have great climate, good soil, good route access and are closer to the sea, tend to be the most prosperous. Of course this may change depending of what kind of resources you have, some desert countries tend to have oil and become and exception. Environmental determinism has shown a great impact of culture. People who are used to live near the tropical sea tend to eat a lot of fish food, usually know how to swim and according to a Jamaican stereotype, they are more relaxed. People who live in the snow or really intense cold weather are usually more depressed, slow, have higher rates of suicides and mostly, and have more tendency for hot drinks. Finnish and Russians have a vodka drinking stereotype, meanwhile tropical climate entries like Nicaragua and Puerco Rice are usually more into rum. We also have Chile and France who have a chilly weather and tend to drink more wine. Environmental determinism has been around for ages, it has slowly been fading away since new theories are coming up and many exceptions and showing. Many famous philosophers, geographers, scientists and even writers support the idea of environmental determinism, which can be related to the theory of evolution and can be an explanation of the different skin colors that not only us, humans, have developed but also many other types of animals in different regions. Environmental determinism can be used to determine about 70% Of a countrys economy because you can tell by the geographical position of the country if its land locked, has fresh water access and also vast resources.

life balance in todays gig economy

Maintaining a healthy work/life balance in todays gig economy Working in the gig economy can make taking time off difficult. Use these tips to understand how to take time off and avoid burning yourself out! It’s an all too common problem in the gig economy. Fresh-faced freelancers and entrepreneurs, eager to pull in as much cash as possible, overpromise and overcommit. They set expectations for themselves that are impossible to achieve, and work inhumanly-long hours.It’s inherently unsustainable, and I’ve lost count of the number of freelancers and contractors I’ve seen plunge headlong into burnout.In a world where more and more people are choosing the path of self-employment, maintaining a healthy work/life balance has never been more difficult. It’s also never been more important. There are no laws preventing a freelancer from overworking themselves, no guidelines as to what constitutes an acceptable work-week.You need to figure that out yourself – here’s where to start.Understand your own limi tationsFirst and foremost, it’s important that you understand your own capabilities. Some people can effortlessly work upwards of fifty or sixty hours a week without missing a beat. Such people are rare.Most of us have limitations. We have a limited amount of energy to put towards our job. A limited amount of focus where projects are concerned.As you gain experience in your field, you’ll probably be able to work more effectively and efficiently. But particularly at the beginning, it’s important to understand how much work you can take on, and how much work will leave you with drowning. Learn to recognize when you’re starting to feel overwhelmed, and when it’s time for you to take a break.Start setting a schedule – and stick to it Flexibility is a big reason a lot of people involve themselves in the gig economy in the first place. And while there’s certainly still room for flexibility in your career, I’d strongly advise setting a schedule for yourself. There are a few reasons for this.Having scheduled times for work and relaxation will help you avoid being overworked – you’ll likely find it easier to take a break if you slot time for one on your calendar.Planning things out in advance will make it easier to stay on top of any projects you’re working on or client demands you need to address.You’ll be able to schedule work hours to the time that you’re most productive. For some people, that’s the morning – others might find they do their best work in the afternoon or evening.Take care of yourselfLast but certainly not least, bear in mind that your body is like any machine in that proper maintenance is important if it’s to keep working at peak efficiency. That means eating healthy and getting enough sleep. It means exercising regularly and making sure you set aside enough time for activities that let your mind relax.You might think you’re getting more done by staying up well past midnight, but you aren’t. Not really. Ensuring you’re fresh-faced and healthy is the best way to not only be better at doing your job but also maintain a balance between your career and everything else in your life.In the gig economy, it’s frighteningly easy to fall into the habit of working yourself to the bone. While that may make you a bit of money in the short-term, it’ll come back to bite you in the long term. Far better for you to establish healthy habits and limits at the onset, and – you can always adjust them later if you feel you’re able to take on more.About the Author: Dave Allen is the owner of Ridesharecentral, a company that provides information to current and new rideshare drivers. Rideshare Central makes it easier for rideshare drivers to get started and drive profitably. Follow them on Twitter @ridesharecent.

Post World War II Migration to the Suburbs Research Paper

Post World War II Migration to the Suburbs - Research Paper Example In the period after World War II, life started changing back to normal with the soldiers and other returning war veterans. One of the major factors that led to the Post World War II migration to the suburbs is the returning World War II Veterans. The return of the war veterans contributed to the Post World War II migration to the suburbs in two ways. First, the soldiers who were fighting in the World War II sought a place to live, as they started obtaining peacetime jobs and earning a living in different ways, as opposed to fighting on the battlefronts (Garnett, 285). In their attempt to earn a living, the soldiers and war veterans could not find sufficient accommodation in the urban areas, due to the shortage of housing in the urban regions. This being the case, the war veterans had to seek for a place to live, which was not far from the urban areas, and thus would allow them to commute from the urban areas where they were working in industries and other sectors back to their homes (Stahura, 317). This led to the development of various suburbs in close proximity to the main towns and cities. This saw a move from the urban areas to the suburbs, which was not only meant for the War veterans, but also for the other urban residents who found that the suburbs had developed close to the urban areas, and therefore it was easy for them to commute to and from the suburbs. It is this pressure of developing housing for the returning war veterans that saw many suburbs develop, especially between 1947 and 1951 (Richard and Frederic, 43).

TO BE OF USE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TO BE OF USE - Essay Example Praise has been showered for the courage and patience of those who are determined to carry forward the task, work with fortitude and eyes on their final objective. There are people who render their services for the mankind, without caring for the inclement weather, adverse circumstances like the farmers do, to produce the grains for all of us. There are those having patience of waiting for their turn, to comply with the law at the cost of their own discomfort, but working relentlessly for achieving the aims and objectives that they have set for themselves. These people, working in close coordination with others in a team spirit, take pride in helping others. They are always there when the fellow human beings need them or whenever the society asks for them. Marge Piercy has compared the consistent worker with a craftsman who diligently shapes the seemingly useless water soaked soil into beautifully pottery. These pots in many attractive shapes adorn our drawing halls, make way in museums, add colour to the grace of our homes and has the ability to hold a number of other costly items. An able and diligent worker also feels happy and contented in the fact that others around feel happy when they see the outcome of their work.

How could human cloning harm or benefit us Essay

How could human cloning harm or benefit us - Essay Example As there are different types of people living in the world, their perspective for the concept of cloning is also varied and based on different religions, demographics and the social aspects. Body The human cloning is a phrase that is used to describe the artificial ways of cloning human being such as human clones as the identical twins that came into existence as a natural reproductive process. This type of cloning is known as embryo cloning. In scientific field, cloning has three different types. The three types of cloning are termed as therapeutic cloning, reproductive cloning and embryo cloning. The first type of cloning or therapeutic cloning is highly used in the world of cloning that consists of adult cell cloning that is used for further research in the field. The second type of cloning is reproductive cloning that is entirely based on the reproduction of clones with the use of human cells. The various countries of the world have different perspective of accepting or declining the concept of human cloning. There are some countries that are willing to accept the concept of embryonic cloning, although, they are against the reproductive human cloning and involves India, China, England and Singapore. Nevertheless, there are few countries in the world that have directly and strictly prohibit the practicing and research of embryonic cloning and include Australia, Brazil, Germany, France and Mexico. In U.S. albeit the embryonic cloning is not prohibited, however, there are few states that have made it illegal and against the law. Moreover, the financial support from the federal department for the purpose of cloning research is also entirely banned. For that purpose, a bill was also proposed in the United States but was not passed that aimed to restrict the American citizen to travel other countries for the purpose of getting stem cell treatments with the help of embryo cloning. It has been seen that the cost of research of cloning just on animals in quite expen sive, thus makes it double or triple time costlier for the human cloning. It is because of the reason that scientists and researchers are mostly working on animal cloning extensively and various types of cloning studies are conducting on different animals including monkeys and frog cells. In the field of cloning and biotechnology, the researchers of United States and Europe have made the highest contribution when compared with the other countries. According to a cloning research in 2009, the American heart Association has provided the financial support for researching animal cloning, human DNA sequence and cell lines. In 2007, American state of California undertook a voting process where residents voted in favor of embryo cloning and even made the funds for the further research in the field. it is due to those people and most particularly the Californian scientists that the concept of human cloning gain momentum. The idea of opening up the human cloning clinics in Chicago was initia ted by the scientist Richard seed in 1998. He planned to open up almost twenty clinics in the country and other six clinics on the international grounds. Each country and its citizens have their own set of beliefs and reasons as to why the concept of human cloning must be accepted and promoted and why it should be banned and prohibited entirely. The most common reason is related to the ethics that promotes the banning of human cloning because in the beginning, the human cloning

Written Practice in English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Written Practice in English - Essay Example I have improved upon the following skills, but I still need some on working them: introductions/ conclusions, argument/persuasion, evidence/support, sentence/paragraph structure and staying on topic. I will need more, significant work on tone, revision, meeting/staying within page length, pre-writing and transitions. When I started the course, I was not even aware of the dynamics of writing. However, I was introduced to the various elements involved in good writing, and the first component that struck me and I wanted to specialize in was the ability to summarize. I practiced a lot on this because I thought it contained many subsidiary skills of writing related to identifying and choosing the significant ideas, editing, organizing and so on. I could say that I have mastered this skill after some dedicated hours of work. I have also mastered the skill of responding to a reading. For this, I spent quality time to read things carefully and to identify the main and supporting arguments. I am convinced now that my responses could be effective only if I understand properly whatever I read. I have improved drastically with my word choices. Earlier, I used to believe that words did not matter much as long as the content was significant. Now I am aware that the content can be made significant only if the r ight words are used. With the proper choice of words, I reached high levels of clarity as well. Before I start writing anything, I try to identify my thoughts clearly and ask myself whether this could be presented with clarity. With the help of my professor, I could identify various formats of writing and can claim that I am adept at it now. Though it all seemed restricting in the beginning, I was able to grasp the logic that worked with every format, and this helped me a lot to master them.

Analyse and evaluate contemporary marketing practice Assignment

Analyse and evaluate contemporary marketing practice - Assignment Example As such, the study of the factors which has created the competitive advantages for the company over the years of its operations seems to be a relevant and challenging topic in the arena of contemporary marketing. This report aims at studying the contemporary marketing practices of Zara that has been used by the company for creating a strong position for the company in its industry of operation. For this purpose, the sources of competitive advantage for the company has been identified and studied in depth. The business model followed by Zara is considered to be highly innovative and unique in nature/ the business model of the high street fashion retailer is built up on the vertical; integrations between the different levels and departments of the business including manufacturing, procurement, delivery and sale of the products. The business model is characterized by a unique flexible structure which helps the business to modify it according to the suitability and needs of the external environment and the business requirements at a particular point of time. The business model of Zara is identified to be one of the key drivers of the competitive advantage of the company. The vertical integrations within the business and with the external partners of the business like the suppliers and distributors and the use of advanced information and communication technology are the two main strengths of the business model of Zara. Additionally, the time factor and the use of the stores of the company as important sources of information make the business and with the external partners of the business like the structure of the company much unique and advanced as compared to the other fashion retailers. The ability of the fashion retailing company to design the products and deliver new lines of products in frequent intervals also acts as a major strategy of the company which enhances the competiveness of the company

Corporate law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Corporate law - Coursework Example The announcement confronted disparate reactions. Some applauded the government's plans, while others stringently opposed them, questioning the very need for the adoption of a corporate manslaughter bill. A third group maintained the exigencies of designing and passing into legislature a corporate manslaughter bill but voiced doubt over the proposed bill's capacity to address the problem. The imperatives of bestowing legal recognition upon corporate manslaughter, on holding corporate entities criminally liable for acts/cases of unintentional manslaughter, and the capacity of the proposed bill to effectively address the defined problem, comprise some of the dissertation's core concerns. Since the 1980s many companies in the U.K. ... 1.1 Research Background Since the 1980s many companies in the U.K. have been exposed to charges of corporate manslaughter - many disasters and incidents of death involving corporations such as Piper Alpha explosion, Hillsborough Stadium disaster, the capsize of the Herald of Free Enterprise etc., which were initially deemed and labelled as tragic 'accidents,' at the most attributable to the unlawful action of individuals, were later proved to be more a result of corporate malfeasance than individual offence.1 But, for various reasons including the absence of an appropriate law for tackling the offence; the application of flawed criminal law doctrines, ill-suited to corporate criminality; the absence of judicial and political commitment etc, in almost all the major cases, the criminal charges against the corporations failed at the prosecution stage itself. Beyond effective social and legal control, large and powerful corporations continue to inflict severe harm to society through negligent and/or reckless la w breaking. The rising public consternation about the consequences of corporate negligence and the persistent call for appropriate criminal justice intervention for effectively tackling corporate malfeasance has received significant impetus from the government during the past decade, as new and more effective steps for prosecuting companies are explored - the introduction of the new and separate offence of "corporate killing" and the introduction of draft Corporate Manslaughter Bill in 2005 may be considered as major steps in this direction. Nonetheless, the lack of urgency demonstrated by the British Government in enacting into law the 'corporate killing' offence is appalling - first

Analyse and evaluate contemporary marketing practice Assignment

Analyse and evaluate contemporary marketing practice - Assignment Example As such, the study of the factors which has created the competitive advantages for the company over the years of its operations seems to be a relevant and challenging topic in the arena of contemporary marketing. This report aims at studying the contemporary marketing practices of Zara that has been used by the company for creating a strong position for the company in its industry of operation. For this purpose, the sources of competitive advantage for the company has been identified and studied in depth. The business model followed by Zara is considered to be highly innovative and unique in nature/ the business model of the high street fashion retailer is built up on the vertical; integrations between the different levels and departments of the business including manufacturing, procurement, delivery and sale of the products. The business model is characterized by a unique flexible structure which helps the business to modify it according to the suitability and needs of the external environment and the business requirements at a particular point of time. The business model of Zara is identified to be one of the key drivers of the competitive advantage of the company. The vertical integrations within the business and with the external partners of the business like the suppliers and distributors and the use of advanced information and communication technology are the two main strengths of the business model of Zara. Additionally, the time factor and the use of the stores of the company as important sources of information make the business and with the external partners of the business like the structure of the company much unique and advanced as compared to the other fashion retailers. The ability of the fashion retailing company to design the products and deliver new lines of products in frequent intervals also acts as a major strategy of the company which enhances the competiveness of the company

Does Marketing Cost Too Much Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Does Marketing Cost Too Much - Term Paper Example This is Micromarketing, because it pertains to choices affecting market segments that the restaurant will cater to. Micromarketing is ‘one-to-one’ marketing (Donovan, 2005); essentially, marketing techniques regarding market segments and individual customers. Here, his marketing style will cost the restaurateur; he will lose a large market segment that enjoys wine with food. Furthermore, he will lose sales volumes and consequent profits. Profits will dip sans high profit margin alcohol sale. A sole tourist is launched into orbit for a fee of $20 million dollars. The flight is not conducted solely for the benefit of the tourist as scientific research takes place. Furthermore, the $20 million fee can be used to fund future research or to help underwrite the cost of future flights. This is Macro marketing, it looks at the effect marketing has on society and vice versa by research. (Mick, Bateman and Lutz, 2009). In this case marketing is not ‘costing too much’ because it will reap future benefits, also the money spent can be utilized in the future to fund further scientific research and cover other costs in the process. A retailer has to mark the price down below cost to unload inventory. Does this suggest that the initial pricing wasn’t competitive, and/or that the marketing mix as a whole was ineffective? Perhaps failure in part is due to the purchase of a poorly designed product or a product that doesn’t meet the clienteles’ needs. Alternately, it may be that the store’s advertising didn’t reach or influence the appropriate target market. Finally, failure may have resulted from the retailer’s inattention to the competitive environment. These are Micromarketing issues relating to the marketing mix and other micro issues such as product design, advertising, targeting market segments, ineffective competitive measures etc. Former mix and strategy would have cost the retailer

Crisis Intervention Issues Essay Example for Free

Crisis Intervention Issues Essay Counselors and other individuals in the helping profession play an important role in times of individual crisis such as violent crimes or mass crisis such as large-scale disaster situations by facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of pyschosocial disorders among populations that have been directly or indirectly traumatized by critical events. Gladding (2008, p. 246) notes that crisis counselling often involves incidents where there is a sense of loss or grief, and is therefore aimed at helping clients to regain a sense of normalcy in order to move on with their lives. However, there are instances when counselors are adversely affected by their work with traumatized clients. Sexton (1999, p. 393) notes that counselors and therapists who are constantly exposed to â€Å"reports of trauma, horror, human cruelty, and extreme loss† become vulnerable to experiencing the â€Å"feelings of fear, pain and suffering similar to their clients† that ultimately affects their ability to provide counselling services. Among the issues that counselors face in the course of their crisis intervention efforts is the risk of countertransference and vicarious traumatization. Countertransference refers to the counselors’ tendency to either avoid empathy or to overly identify with the client as a form of defense mechanim. Avoidance reactions are often manifested through the counselor’s â€Å"denial, minimisation, distortion, counter phobic reactions, detachment and disengagement from an emphatic stance† (Ibid, p. 394). In contrast, over-identification often leads into the overinvolvement of the counselor with the client’s experiences to the point that the counselor may feel idealize the client’s experiences and feel guilt for not being able to extend more help to the client (Ibid). Consequently, countertransference often impedes the therapeutic relationship as the counselor’s fails to feel empathy for the client. Empathy is particularly important in crisis intervention as it enables the counselor to correctly assess the client situation and support the client with definitive action plans for recovery (Gladding 2008, p. 248). Without empathy, client welfare is compromised by the inability of the counselor to identify the client’s problems from the client’s perspective, which could lead to incorrect or inadequate support and action from the counselor. Meanwhile, vicarious traumatization among counselors occurs as a result of the â€Å"accumulation of experiences across many therapy situations† (Sexton 1999, p. 395). Vicarious traumatization not only impacts the counselor’s helping relationships but also extends to other areas of his or her professional and personal life. The effects of vicarious traumatization include the development of anxiety and post-traumatic syndrome disorder (PTSD) symptoms and other psychosocial disorders by the counselor. Unfortunately, majority of counselors are vulnerable to the risk of vicarious traumatization (Ibid, p. 396). Hence, those who work in the midst of large-scale crises events are clearly at a greater risk due to the scale of horror, loss, and cruelty that they are exposed to through indirect and direct experiences of their clients and themselves. Hence, the vicarious traumatization of counselors not only hinders them from functioning effectively in helping relationships but renders them unable to continue their relationships with clients as they become individuals in need of therapy and counselling themselves. On the other hand, there are ways of reducing the risks of countertransference and vicarious traumatization. Sexton (1999, p. 396) note that counselors must engage in constant self-examination for the symptoms of crisis intervention issues in order to identify and resolve problems early by themselves or with the help of other counselling professionals. This ensures the counsellor’s assurance of his/her own psychosocial health which is important in safeguarding client well-being and interests. Thus, it is important for counselors and other helping professionals to be aware of the proper handling of crisis intervention issues they may confront while in the process of helping others recover and rebuild their lives after a traumatic incident. Works Cited: Gladding, S. T. (2008). Counselling: a comprehensive profession. New Jersey: Merrill-Prentice Hall/Pearson. Sexton, L. (1999). Vicarious traumatisation of counsellors and effects on their workplaces. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(3):393-403.

Climate Change and The Rise in Sea Level Essay -- Environment Environ

"On a recent afternoon, Scott McKenzie watched torrential rains and a murky tide swallow the street outside his dog-grooming salon. Within minutes, much of this stretch of chic South Beach was flooded ankle-deep in a fetid mix of rain and sea. â€Å"Welcome to the new Venice,† McKenzie joked as salt water surged from the sewers." ----- Michael J. Mishak, Associated Press June 7, 2014 at 4:24 PM EDT According to the World Bank Development Report 2013 there has been an increase in global surface temperature of 0.4 to 0.9 Celsius (C) in the past 100 years. This change in temperature largely caused, according to the IPCC, by the release of GHGs through human activities. There are several effects associated to the change in global temperature, mainly affecting ecosystems and populations worldwide. Among these effects or consequences are sea-level rise, drought, floods, loss of mangroves, and the intensification of storms and climate processes such as El Nino and La Nina. Recent studies have focused on sea-level rise and the global effects. Over the past 100 years, sea levels have increased by 10 to 20 centimeters (World Bank, 2003). Moreover, arctic sea-ice has continued to shrink up to 10 percent or more of its total mass and by 40 percent of its thickness. Glaciers and small ice caps are rapidly melting, causing several changes in the flows of rivers and ecosystems, as well as adding to the increase of sea levels. Sea level rise will most likely severely affect unprepared, developing countries and their populations. Concomitantly, developed industrial countries with higher levels of GDP are likely to cope more efficiently with the effects of sea level rise. This paper will focus on the prognosticated socio-economic costs of s... ... Policymakers Wembley, United Kingdom, 24-29 September 2001.    World Development Report 2013. Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World. Trnasforming institutions, growth, and quality of life. A copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press. New York, NY 2013.    Entering the 21st. Century – World Development Report 1999/2000. World Bank 2000. Oxford University Press. New York, NY 2000.    1998-1999 World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment. Environmental Change and Human Health. A Joint Publication by the World Resources Institute, the World Bank, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the United Nations Development Programme. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 1998. IPCC Report 2003 – Overview of Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability to Climate Change. 1 page 365 – IPCC report 2003 1[1] page 365 – IPCC report 2003

SWAT analysis for Victoria Station Restaurants Essay -- essays researc

Victoria Station Strengths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concept uniqueness- Concept based restaurants’ rely on dà ©cor and novelty themes, which are appealing enough to the customers to draw in business. For example: Hard Rock Cafà ©, Applebee’s, Rolling Rock Cafà ©, or Outback Steakhouse. The Victoria Station utilized the English depot paraphernalia to support the theme; gas lights, a red English telephone booth, and a London taxi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quality control- The beef was cut to specifications, used controlled- portion fillets/top sirloin butts, and a computerized checking system to verify that unapproved vendors would be brought to management’s attention should any items be purchased off of the approved purveyor list. Appearance, food preparation and service, beverage, atmosphere, equipment, safety, and inventory control were set in detail with complete job descriptions for all managers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial control –detailed reports and daily inventories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No advertising or paid promotion- they were successful in the beginning with just relying on word of mouth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotions- one of the more profitable promo was the rib promotion. Weaknesses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over expansion- Victoria Station went against it’s own policy bases on building in areas with population of 1million or more. Even with expansion with the hopes of creating more volume, Victoria Station was still unable to cover the fixed-cost percentages. They had roughly 100 restaurants in more than 50 markets. ()   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inflexible concept design- The boxcar, compared to traditional restaurants created high occupancy costs due to its expensive building and the maintenance. It also hindered the liquidation of assets to cover debts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Limited menu- Did not leave any allowances for customer change, dietary developments, or market swings for beef industry. Poor reaction skills- When V.S. sales started to lessen their reaction was to raise prices which ended up going against the original concept of prime rib at a good price.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identity crisis- When change was necessary they ended up only to created confusion for their market segment; is it casual, family, fine dining, steak/burger, etc.. Opportunities   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ... the mercy of the beef industry and their prices and a at the same time not relaying the prices to the customers, who’s tastes are changing as well. But overall, no these problems correspond with the initiation of this chain. 4) To save Victoria Station Restaurants, they should have either stuck to their business plan or at the point of decline in the life cycle, just cut their losses and start completely fresh, including the building. Otherwise, I would have moved away from concept- type marketing to a value based marketing system on service, quality, and cost. Bibliography 1) Lewis C. Robert. Cases in Hospitality Marketing & Management. John Wiley & Sons. New York. 1997. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin, Richard. â€Å"Victoria Station Seeks Survival Options† Nation’s Restaurant News. Sept 10, 1984. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kochak, White Jacque. â€Å"Running out of Lives.† Restaurant business. July 20, 1987 v86 p104 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strenk, Tom. â€Å"Bets on Bonkers† Restaurant Business. October 10, 1984 v83 p176 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bernstein, Charles. â€Å"The Classic lesson: success breeds failure.† Nation’s Restaurant News. June 16, 1986

PHI – Employee Health Information

Employees of an organization should expect for their health information to remain private. Just as the government has found it necessary to create laws to protect employees from discrimination, they have had to create laws to safeguard an employee’s protected health information (PHI). These laws include: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct). While each law explicitly protects employee health information, it also allows employers to use certain PHI to meet certain requirements of each law and to ensure the safety of employees. What is Protected Health Information? What is protected health information? According to Davis and Salver-Malyska, protected health information is defined as individually identified health information transmitted electronically or maintained or stored on any electronic media (2003, p. 31-32). In the United States the HIPAA Privacy Rule allows employers if acting as Plan Administrator to obtain certain PHI. There is no way around this, because the administrator must ask the employee’s doctor to complete certifications and provide back the employers. Companies that have an HMO and also have Workman Compensation, Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), Short-term and Long term Disability plans will require the doctor or the employee to provide medical certifications that support the need for the employee to be on leave or restricted duty. Under the FMLA, companies are required to also get PHI for an employee’s family member is the leave is requested to take care of a sick or injured family member. Other types of PHI collected by employers include, pre-employee physical information, drug testing prior to employment and random testing. This information is required as part of the hiring process or company liability coverage depending on the nature of the business or job. According to Cascio, the employer is required to indicate if a leave is FMLA and the reason for the leave (2010, p. 9). Ethical and Trust Issues At issue with each type of PHI collected or reviewed there is the potential of the employee’s privacy being compromised? If companies to not set standard, required policies and procedures for those employees requesting and handling the PHI, then there could be major breaches. Once the breach as occurred, an employee’s trust is eroded. Managers and supervisors should be provided training, as most of the information for Workman Comp, FMLA or STD claims is already provided to the employee’s management. But even still, employers cannot directly ask health care providers the nature of an employee’s situation unless the employee has provided or agreed to release the information. According to Colquitt, Lepine and Wesson, trust by an employee is their implied and explicit agreement to allow themselves to be vulnerable to a trustee (2009, p. 219). Just the thought of PHI being made accessible to individuals who may not be trustworthy creates considerable distress by the employee. An example, of distressed trust, would be an employee who is HIV positive, who is required to take a pre-employment physical. While in theory and supposed practice, an employer is not to request a pre-employment physical until after the offer I made. Nonetheless the employee would still have feelings of reluctance to allow the testing just to get a job. Another example includes the employee who is covered by the ADA, where a company must make reasonable accommodations for the employee’s disability. Which means management and HR must ask the question and place into service, the items or accommodations they employee need to meet the projected expectations. In January 2009, the Bush administration published updated FMLA regulations. One key section clarifies the rules regarding who may request additional information about an employee’s FMLA certification—and how it should be sought†. Recommendations In my experience as a manger, I refrain from asking employees PHI regarding them or their families. When you have employees who have small children, elderly parents and a disabled spouse, managers must ensure that they never ask an employee â€Å"what is wrong†? Not only should HR provide training on basic requirements for Workman Comp and HIPAA. Each manager must put safeguards in place to ensure employee records are not compromised. My company has established a process that removes the need to certify or review medical information for return to work instances. Employees submit items directly to an HR professional and not to the manager or supervisor. By doing this it removes the possibility of deliberate or unconscious violation of the employee’s privacy rights. References Colquitt, J. A., Lepine, J. A., & Wesson, M. J. (2009). Organizational Behavior;Improving Performance and Committment in the Workplace. New York: McGraw Hill. Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Davis, V., & Silver-Malyska, T. (2003). Employers Liability for Use and Disclosure of Individual Health Information: HIPAA Privacy and Employer Functions. Benefits Law Journal, 16(2), 29-46.

Importance of fault-based liability in English law Essay

Fault is regarded as blame, or responsibility for doing something wrong. The concept of fault is integral to the English legal system when it comes to deciding guilt of liability. In fact, in many areas of law if fault could not be assigned, the system would fall apart as liability can only be found if fault is established first. Fault is particularly important in cases which require mens rea. In these cases it will have to be proven that a certain state of mind was present in the defendant. In criminal law the requirement that mens rea or a guilty mind be established amounts to saying that criminal liability is imposed on blameworthy activity. This close connection between fault and mens rea results in punishment being based on the degree of moral blameworthiness that the defendant is believed to have possessed. The fact that this degree of blameworthiness not only determines whether the defendant will simply be found guilty or not guilty, but is concerned with the punishment, deterrence and rehabilitation of individuals whose conduct is considered by the law to be not only wrongs against other individuals, but also against society as a whole, suggests fault is clearly an essential element. To determine fault the person in question must understand the nature of their actions, be able to exercise control over their actions and must have genuinely chosen to act as they did. These three requirements mean a person’s degree of fault can be reduced if it can be said they are insane, in doli capax (incapable of a crime i.e. a child under the age of ten), or have acted under duress. The recognition of being insane or in doli capax clearly means that they were not able to fully understand the nature of their actions, whilst acting under duress results in them not being able to choose to act as they did. It is also possible that they may not have the capacity to make a genuine choice. In these circumstances it can still be said that the defendant is at fault, but only partially. When dealing with criminal law fault is central to crime in the form of mens rea. Without this element being satisfied the defendant cannot be found to be criminally liable, with the exception of crimes of strict liability. There are three distinct degrees of fault in criminal law, namely, intention, recklessness and negligence. The more at fault a defendant is, the highest degree being intention, then the more they will be held responsible for their crimes. There is also evidence to support this when looking at the two broad categories of crimes; Specific intent crimes and basic intent crimes. Crimes of specific intent consist of those where the mens rea must be intention. Since these crimes hinge upon the highest degree of moral blameworthiness, the greatest degree of fault, they apply to the most serious crimes, such as murder, section 18 GBH and wounding offences, robbery and burglary for example. Subsequently, these crimes also carry the most severe sanctions. Basic intent crimes however require only recklessness to prove criminal liability. It can be considered then that a defendant in a reckless state of mind is less at fault than one possessing the necessary intention, so these crimes tend to carry less maximum prison sentences for example. Involuntary manslaughter, section20 GBH and wounding offence, assault and ABH are all included in the definition of basic intent crimes. The reasoning behind these categories can be understood using Oatley. The defendant here was suffering from severe postnatal depression when she killed her 11-day-old baby by swinging her head against the stairs. Although she was of sound mind this act would have been given a very severe punishment, probably a lengthy prison sentence, she was given a two year probation order and medical treatment. Clearly the defendant was at fault, but only partially due to the postnatal depression. The degree of fault that she possessed at the time of the actus reus was impaired and therefore the degree of punishment should reflect this. Civil law also incorporates the idea of fault into its system. Liability for negligence only arises when the defendant has breached his duty of care to his neighbour and harm occurs as a result of this. In these circumstances fault is defined as falling below a standard of conduct expected of the reasonable person in those circumstances. Although there is evidence to suggest that fault is in fact an essential element in liability, there is some evidence to weaken this theory. Firstly, it is possible that in practice, liability can hinge on chance as well as fault. This can be illustrated using a number of cases, including R v White. In this case the defendant tried to poison his mother but she ended up dying of natural causes before the poison could take effect. Because of this he was not able to be convicted of attempted murder. The defendant clearly had the necessary mens rea, he intended to kill his mother, but chance meant his mother died of natural causes, just a few moments later and maybe the poison could have had an input. However, the poison did not cause the prohibited result so he was not criminally liable. Also, in R v Mitchell, the defendant pushed a man in a queue, who in turn fell against another, who in turn fell against an elderly lady who had to have an operation from which she died. The Court of Appeal ruled that transferred malice applied to unlawful act manslaughter. Chance played in a part in this case too, as it just so happened that the elderly lady was in that queue, that the person he did push fell, not only falling onto someone else, but then that person falling onto the old lady. It was chance therefore in this case that enabled the defendant to be liable for the death of the lady, instead of maybe just for the battery of the first man in the queue. Both these cases illustrate that fault alone is not just what determines someone’s liability; chance can often play an essential part too. Indeed, sometimes fault may be left out altogether from the equation, in crimes of strict liability. Fault can be further understood when looking at negligence. Negligence is carelessness, the defendant wasn’t thinking like the ordinary reasonable person would have done, it’s a lack of thought as oppose to actual thought, not taking enough care that the ordinary reasonable person would have done. In the case of Gibbons and Proctor, Proctor actually wanted the girl dead and so she was convicted of murder as she intended to kill, however Gibbons was merely negligent he wasn’t taking enough care of the child thus he wasn’t convicted of murder he was only convicted of GNM. It must be questioned as to the importance of fault here, negligence is a very low level of fault, it’s not thinking of something you should have thought yet it can lead to a conviction of manslaughter, a homicide conviction. It would seem therefore that fault doesn’t seem to be that important here because you can still convict someone of manslaughter however if you are convicted of manslaughter the judge in that case has complete discretion over sentencing. However still should fault not be more important in this instance, should there not be a higher level of fault than mere negligence. The judge can give an absolute discharge if they chose to do so, if we take in to account proportionality, this is still recognised in the sentence however the defendant would still be labelled as a murderer. In cases involving negligence, the neighbour principal, established in Donoghue v Stevenson is used to determine whether or not the defendant was at fault. This involves looking at whether there a duty of care that was breached, causing the damage to occur, as it was deemed unfair to expect the individual to be liable for people to whom a duty of care cannot be found. The defendant will not be found to be at fault if they have taken reasonable steps to avoid damage occurring, which meet the standards of care that an ordinary and reasonable person would take. The concept of fault is also central to criminal law, for example at trial the prosecution will try to show that the defendant was at fault, whilst the defence aim to show that they were not at fault, and during sentencing the amount of fault which the defendant is considered to have will affect the severity of their sentence. The highest level of fault comes in crimes which were committed intentionally, with the defendant setting out to commit the crime, perhaps having planned it first. The next type of fault is recklessness, which following G v R will always be subjective, which is less serious as there was no intention to commit the crime. However this is still a serious form of fault as the defendant has foreseen a risk. The use of fault in strict liability crimes has been quite controversial as in these crimes the courts are able to assign fault without the presence of a mens rea, so long as the actus reus has been committed. For example, in The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Storkwain, a pharmacist was found guilty of supplying a drug to an addict on a forged prescription despite there being no fault on his part, which many would view as being overly harsh given that by the ordinary person’s standards he would not be considered to have been at fault. Strict liability offences are those where a conviction results from proof of mens rea alone. There is no actus reus requirement, and therefore no need for the defendant’s degree of fault to be established. For example, in the case of Callow v Tillstone, a butcher was convicted of selling meat unfit for human consumption even though it had been inspected and approved by a qualified vet before hand. Similarly, in Smedley v Breed, the defendant was found guilty of selling unfit food even though only four tins out of three million tested were found to contain caterpillars. One case that illustrates absolute liability is R v Larsonneur. The accused was an alien the subject of an exclusion order under which it would be an offence for her to enter the United Kingdom. She was brought to the United Kingdom handcuffed to the police and very much against her will and yet she was still convicted for violating the exclusion order. It is clear that in these examples from the criminal law there is some liability being imposed in the absence of fault. These exceptions can also be found in civil law, although limited. Perhaps the major instance of liability being imposed without fault in tort can be found in the area of vicarious liability. This is when one person is held liable for the tort of another person. This was a practical mechanism established to find someone who was able to pay for damages to the claimant, primarily in respect of the employer for the torts of the employee. Obviously it would be in the claimant’s best interest if they could obtain damages from a large employer for the actions of an individual employee. The justification for this is that the employer should be able to exercise control over their employees and so they can be held liable for the torts of their employees providing that the employee is not on a ‘frolic of his own’. This can be seen in Rose v Plenty where the employers were liable when an employee gave a lift to a person, who subsequently assisted with the deliveries that were the job of the employee and died. In some circumstance liability is still imposed even when the employer gave express and implicit instructions to the employee not to do the very thing that he then did so incurring vicarious liability on the employer. Therefore, whilst this handful of examples of some of the exceptions, both in criminal and civil law, to the general case, they are sufficient to show that the statement that there can be no liability without fault is too general to be true, thus weakening the argument that fault is an essential element in determining liability. Similarly controversial is the use of fault in State of Affairs crimes, where the defendant may have involuntarily committed an offence, yet are still guilty. One such example is Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent in which a drunken man was taken from a hospital onto a road outside by the police, and then arrested for being drunk on the highway, even though he would never have made it onto the highway without the â€Å"help† of the police. As with Strict Liability crimes, the ordinary person would not see the defendant as being at fault here, and may view the use of fault in this area of the law as being unfair. The issue of fault is even present in defences, in that aggravating and mitigating factors can be used to lessen the amount of fault which the defendant is thought of having. For example someone on bail who plans an attack on an old lady will be seen as being more at fault than someone committing their first offence and entering an early plea of guilty. The concept of fault therefore is present in many areas of law, both civil and criminal. In many cases, without the need to prove fault, system would not work as it is necessary for one party to be blamed for the criminal offence in order to settle it.